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Lagos Case Study

Urban Challenges – Urban Growth – Lagos, Nigeria, a case study of a city in a low income country (LIC).

Lagos Squatter Settlements

What is life like in a squatter settlement in Lagos?

What is the location of Lagos?

The Growth of Lagos

The rapid growth of the population and size of Lagos.

Use the images below to explore the Lagos case study

Location of Lagos

What causes population growth in Lagos?

How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop?

Social Opportunities – Service and Resources

Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos

How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality?

Challenges – Lagos squatter settlements

Challenges – water, sanitation and energy

Challenges – Access to health and education

Challenges – Unemployment and crime

Challenges – Managing Environmental Issues

Urban Planning in Lagos

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Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

Urban growth in lidcs: lagos.

Lagos' state government says the population of Lagos is 17.5 million. The national government claims it is 21 million people. Either way, Lagos is a megacity. It is the largest city in Nigeria.

Demographic and healthcare

• The annual rate of natural increase in Nigeria is 25% every 5 years.
• The life expectancy of someone living in Lagos is 54.5 years. Across Nigeria as a whole, the average life expectancy is 53.4 years.
• There are more doctors and hospitals in Lagos than in the surrounding rural areas.

Social opportunities from urban growth

• In some rural states, the adult literacy rate was as low as 14% and it was 57% on average in Nigeria.
• Lagos has clean water supplies, electricity into housing and good entertainment centres and malls.

Economic opportunities from urban growth

• This is 50% of all the startup investment in Africa and most of this funding was negotiated in Nigerian cities.
• 30% of the Nigerian population works in agriculture.
• In 2018, the GDP per capita in Lagos was $5,000 (twice the GDP per capita of Nigeria).
• Lagos is Nigeria's biggest city for banking, investment, and international transactions.

Housing opportunities

• Despite urban growth, housing in Nigeria is 77% more expensive and food is 26% more expensive in African cities (vs rural areas).

Challenges of Urban Growth in Lagos

The rapid growth of Lagos has created challenges for the people living there and the local government.

Managing urban growth and slums in Lagos

• In 2016, the World Bank found that 2/3 of people living in Nigeria lived in slums.
• Makoko, Badia, and Agege are some of the largest slums in Lagos.
• Lots of people in the Makoko slum moved to Lagos to earn a living fishing. However, the waters near the slum are full of sewage and fish struggle to live there. These fishermen struggle to get other jobs.
• Many of the children living in the Lagos slums do not go to school.

Crime and unemployment in Lagos

• Unemployed men who live in the Makoko slum create vigilante groups to provide security. These people are called 'Area Boys'.
• Fishermen struggle to catch fish and earn a living.
• Lots of people scavenge for rubbish in the city to try to earn a living.
• Nigeria's murder rate is 9.85 murders per 100,000 people. In the UK it is 1.2 per 100,000 people.

Environmental issues in Lagos

• There are 1 million cars in Lagos and their emissions can contribute to things like acid rain. Traffic is awful in Lagos, public transport is bad and a few key bridges act as bottlenecks for all the cars.
• Smog is a problem in Lagos.
• Air pollution is measured using a metric called PM2.5. A safe level is 56 and in 2016, parts of Lagos had PM2.5 readings of 217. This shows that the air in Lagos is very polluted and could be dangerous to the inhabitants of the city.
• The Olusosun landfill site is the largest dump in Africa. 10,000 tons of rubbish is put in the ground there each day. It gets 3.1 stars on Google Reviews.

Clean water and sanitation in Lagos

• People drink water from the area where fishermen fish and people go to the toilet in the same water. This spreads waterborne diseases like cholera.
• The World Bank has given funding to try to improve the sanitation in the Lagos slums.
• The water in Lagos' lagoon is too polluted to be used as drinking water.
• Between 67% and 81% of people have daily access to clean water in Lagos.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Hazard Risk

1.1.3 Consequences of Natural Hazards

1.1.4 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 Tectonic Plates

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates & Convection Currents

1.2.3 Plate Margins

1.2.4 Volcanoes

1.2.5 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.6 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.7 Earthquakes

1.2.8 Earthquakes 2

1.2.9 Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.10 Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

1.2.11 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.12 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.13 Living with Tectonic Hazards 1

1.2.14 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.15 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.16 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.17 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Global Atmospheric Circulation

1.3.2 Surface Winds

1.3.3 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.4 Tropical Storms

1.3.5 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.6 Impact of Tropical Storms 1

1.3.7 Impact of Tropical Storms 2

1.3.8 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.10 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.13 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.2 Causes of Climate Change

1.4.3 Effects of Climate Change

1.4.4 Managing Climate Change

1.4.5 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.7 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Ecosystem Cascades & Global Ecosystems

2.1.3 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests - Intro & Interdependence

2.2.2 Adaptations

2.2.3 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.4 Deforestation

2.2.5 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.6 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.7 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.10 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Overview of Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Biodiversity & Adaptation to Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.4 Desertification

2.3.5 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Adaptations in Cold Environments

2.4.3 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.4 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.5 Sustainable Management

2.4.6 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.7 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.8 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering & Mass Movement

3.2.3 Processes of Erosion & Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.4 Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.5 Transportation

3.2.6 Deposition

3.2.7 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.8 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.9 Types of Coastal Management 1

3.2.10 Types of Coastal Management 2

3.2.11 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.12 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.13 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.14 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The River Valley

3.3.2 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.3 Erosion

3.3.4 Transportation & Deposition

3.3.5 Waterfalls, Gorges & Interlocking Spurs

3.3.6 Meanders & Oxbow Lakes

3.3.7 Floodplains & Levees

3.3.8 Estuaries

3.3.9 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.10 River Management

3.3.11 Hard & Soft Flood Defences

3.3.12 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.13 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.14 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.15 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 Erosion

3.4.2 Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.3 Landforms Caused by Transportation & Deposition

3.4.4 Snowdonia

3.4.5 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.6 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.7 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.3 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.4 UK Cities

4.1.5 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.6 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.8 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.11 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.4 Physical & Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.5 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.6 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.7 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.8 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.9 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.10 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.11 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.12 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.13 Economic Development in the UK

5.1.14 Economic Development UK: Industry & Rural

5.1.15 Economic Development UK: Transport & North-South

5.1.16 Economic Development UK: Regional & Global

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Food in the UK

6.1.3 Water in the UK 1

6.1.4 Water in the UK 2

6.1.5 Energy in the UK

6.1.6 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.3 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.4 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.5 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.9 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 The Global Demand for Water

6.3.2 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.3 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.4 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.5 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.6 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.7 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.8 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.9 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.10 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.3 Increasing Energy Supply: Renewables

6.4.4 Increasing Energy Supply: Non-Renewables

6.4.5 Carbon Footprints & Energy Conservation

6.4.6 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.8 Energy - Statistical Skills

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Lagos – an urban case study

Try this 15-question GCSE quiz to see how much you know about Lagos in Nigeria.

If you haven't already done it, work through the Lagos urban case study on the PowerPoint (especially the graph on page 12). Or look at it again to help fill any gaps in your knowledge!

Open Resource

HIGH SCORES

QUIZZES // Lagos urban case study quiz

Q1. which of these countries does nigeria not share a border with, q2. what is the capital city of nigeria.

Port Harcourt

Q3. Where is Lagos located in Nigeria?

Central Nigeria

Northern Nigeria

On the Niger Delta

At the western end of Nigeria’s Atlantic coast

Q4. Which of these is not a bridge connecting mainland Lagos to the islands?

Eko Atlantic

Third Mainland

Q5. When did Lagos officially become a megacity of 10 million people?

Q6. where would you find the central business district of lagos.

Victoria Island

Lagos Island

Q7. What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up management?

Top-down is action taken by local people, whereas bottom up is action taken by those in charge, such as the government

Top-down is action taken by those in charge, such as the government, whereas bottom-up is action taken by local people

Top-down is a form of management that requires cranes or helicopters, whereas bottom-up can be done from the ground surface

Top-down management is more expensive than bottom-up management

Q8. What is sustainable urban development?

Improving the urban areas by making sure that water and energy are not wasteful

Improving a rundown area so it attracts new businesses

When new trees are planted in a city

Improving life for residents now without destroying the opportunities and environment for later generations

Q9. Which of these is does not contain a squatter settlement in Lagos?

Q10. what is an ngo.

Non-governmental organisation

Non-giving organisation

Net gain organisation

National giving organisation

Q11. Study the graph on page 12 of the PowerPoint. Which of the following statements is true?

Between 1970 and 2020, the population of Lagos doubled

Between 1970 and 2020, the population of Lagos trebled

Between 1970 and 2020 the population of Lagos increased by 20 million people

Between 1970 and 2020, the population of Lagos increased by 11 million people

Q12. Study the graph again. Which of the following statements is true?

The population increased less in the 20 years from 2000 to 2020 than it did in the 20 years from 1950 to 1970

The population increased by the same amount in the 20 years from 2000 to 2020 as it did in the 20 years from 1950 to 1970

The population increased more in the 20 years from 2000 to 2020 than it did in the 20 years from 1950 to 1970

The population doubled from 1950 to 2020

Q13. Study the graph again. Which of the following is true?

Lagos became a megacity in 1990

Lagos became a megacity in 1950

Lagos became a megacity in 2010

Lagos became a megacity in 2020

Q14. Which of these is not a feature of the Makoko floating school?

Solar panel on the roof to generate electricity

Open space area for playing

Wind turbine on the roof

Floating platform base

Q15. Approximately how many of the 14 million Lagos inhabitants live in squatter settlements?

1.7 million

0.5 million

8.5 million

10.2 million

You scored this time. The more correct answers you give, and the fewer incorrect answers you guess, the better your score.

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Functions & Structures of Lagos ( Edexcel GCSE Geography A )

Revision note.

Geography Content Creator

Site & Situation of Lagos

Nigeria’s largest and most populous city

Developed on the west side of a sheltered lagoon

Next to the Bight of Benin on the Atlantic Ocean

Borders with Benin, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon

Nigeria is an oil-rich nation and is predicted to be one of the largest economies in the world

Site of Lagos, Nigeria

Situation of Lagos

Situated near large oil reserves on an expanse of flat land

Being on the Atlantic Ocean coast, Lagos has excellent access to shipping trade routes

Lagos Lagoon limits the growth of the city to the east

This forces the city to spread northward and to the west

Map of Lagos

Importance of Lagos

The Structure of Lagos

The structure of Lagos has features of the model of a developing city in Sub-Saharan Africa

Model of land use in a Sub-Saharan African city

The CBD is on an island and forces urban sprawl north and west on the mainland

The main industrial areas are along major transport routes

Wealthy residential areas are found on Lagos and Victoria Islands and Eko Atlantic

Informal settlements are closest to industrial areas, housing over 60% of the population 

Land use of Lagos

Housing is mixed in Lagos and ranges from skyscrapers, luxury apartments and high-rise flats within the city centre to colonial mansions and gated communities on Victoria Island to tin shacks and floating slums on the outskirts

The shortage of housing has created a new urban district, Eko Atlantic City, which is being built on land reclaimed from the sea and is to be protected by an 8.5 km sea wall

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Jacque graduated from the Open University with a BSc in Environmental Science and Geography before doing her PGCE with the University of St David’s, Swansea. Teaching is her passion and has taught across a wide range of specifications – GCSE/IGCSE and IB but particularly loves teaching the A-level Geography. For the past 5 years Jacque has been teaching online for international schools, and she knows what is needed to get the top scores on those pesky geography exams.

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Lagos: Urban Challenges Case Study (10+ lessons)

Subject: Geography

Age range: 5-7

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

7 July 2019

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GCSE Geography – Case Study – Lagos, Nigeria. Challenges

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1 . Question

How much of Nigeria’s population live in Lagos?

2 . Question

How long does the average Lagosian commuter spend in traffic per day?

• 10 minutes.
• 30 minutes.

3 . Question

How many times higher, that the internationally accepted limit, is the air pollution rate in Lagos,

4 . Question

How many times higher, that in European cities, is the fatal road accident rate in Lagos,

5 . Question

How much of the population of Lagos have a piped water supply, that has been treated and purified?

6 . Question

What disease can contaminated water induce?

• Chickenpox.
• Whooping cough.

7 . Question

How high does Lagos sit above sea level?

• 20 metres.%

8 . Question

What is the average annual rainfall in Lagos?

9 . Question

What percentage of the households in Lagos live in one room?

10 . Question

What percentage of the households in Lagos lack a toilet, bath and kitchen?

11 . Question

What percentage of the population of Lagos have to rely on a well or borehole for their water supply?

12 . Question

What percentage of the population of Lagos use a pit latrine, where sewage soaks straight into the ground, as their sole toilet?

13 . Question

What is the estimated population of the squatter settlement at Makoko, Lagos?

14 . Question

What is the most common source of drinking water for the average Lagos citizen?

• Street water vendors.
• Bottled water.

15 . Question

What are the squatter’s homes in Makoko, generally built of?

• Tin sheets/wooden planks.

16 . Question

What is the life expectancy in Lagos?

17 . Question

What percentage of Lagos’ population live in squatter settlements or slums, like Makoko?

18 . Question

Most people in Lagos work in the informal economy, approximately how much do they get paid per day?

19 . Question

How many years of schooling does the average child receive in Lagos?

20 . Question

What is the estimated population of Lagos?

• 15 million.
• 1.5 million.
• 25 million.

21 . Question

By how many is the population of Lagos growing each year?

22 . Question

What is the expected population of Lagos expected to be in 2035?

• 40 million.
• 14 million.
• 20 million.

23 . Question

How many times more crowded is Lagos than London?

24 . Question

By how many millimetres does the sea level rise each year, at the port of Lagos?

25 . Question

In 2014 what was built in Makoko that floats on the water?

• Squatter settlement.
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GCSE - Urban Issues and Challenges

UIC - Global Patterns of urban change UIC - Factors affecting urbanisation and megacities

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Urbanisation in the UK 

UIC - UK overview of urban areas

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Case Study: Lagos

Description.

Resource summary

• South Africa
• Gulf of Guinea
• Better jobs means that the government gets more taxes paid, which helps the development of the city.
• Rapid Bus Transit
• Police struggle to cope with rhw number of incidents
• This means that people create their own jobs in the informal sectors.
• Many homes are not connected to any sewage system.
• Emissions from factories and veichles are not well kept.
• No free health care
• This means that the air pollution is 5x the reccomended limit.
• No one can agree on what the population is.
• Estimates (including the surrounding areas) are over 20 Million people
• In 1960, the population was less than 1 million, but it had grown by 4 million by 1990 and by 5 million by 2015
• By 1960 the city had expanded north and onto the mainland, following the line of the main railways.
• Thousands of people moved to the city for work
• The city continued to grow even though there was a fall in living standards during 1980-90s
• The growth of the city was due to Rural-Urban Migration.

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• Created by: emilysimpson11
• Created on: 01-06-18 15:20

21 million people

The richest country in Africa

Main financial centre for West Africa

Was the capital city of Nigeria

Huge urban sprawl

Social opp. 

better health care, education, job opp

in Lagos, 70% receive secondary education, rural only 40%

piped water (10% have)

life expec  53

Economic opp. 

better jobs with higher pay

Eko, Atlantic …

• Urban environments

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