case studies architecture design

Architectural Case Studies

Case studies:, a. analyzing iconic architectural designs, b. understanding design principles in renowned buildings, c. exploring cultural and historical significance.

These timber case studies demonstrate how the material can be used for inside and out

• Mass Timber
• Trading Notes
• Outdoor Spaces
• Reuse + Renewal
• Architecture
• Development
• Preservation
• Sustainability
• Transportation
• International

Tenacious Timber

The latest timber products demonstrate how advanced applications of this age-old material have become in recent years. Reengineered and reimagined, sustainably sourced wood can be harnessed in everything from interior finishes to skyscraper structures. The following selection of durable flooring, sophisticated cladding, and sturdy framing solutions highlights the dynamism of North America’s expanding timber industry. Innovative fasteners and cutting-edge software specifically for timber construction help the AEC design community find new uses for this material. The following timber case studies show how these materials and tools can be masterfully implemented.

Karsh Alumni and Visitors Center

Architect: Centerbrook Architects Location: Durham, North Carolina

Landscape architect: Stephen Stimson Associates Landscape Architects Structural engineer: LHC Structural Engineers MEP/FP engineer: Dewberry Civil engineer: HDR Contractor: LeChase Construction Services Lighting design: Cline Bettridge Bernstein Lighting Design

The Karsh Alumni and Visitors Center welcomes people to the Duke University campus with a series of warmly lit courts and pavilions that combine new construction techniques with historical motifs. The 48,000-square-foot complex includes various social spaces that comfortably host both large and small groups, including a two-story alumni association office, a meeting pavilion, and the newly renovated Forlines House, originally designed by Horace Trumbauer, the architect of much of Duke’s campus.

Adjacent to the neo-Gothic West Campus, the visitors center reflects Duke’s identity as a “university in the forest.” Exposed wood elements featured across the buildings and a main courtyard complement the locally quarried Duke stone and bird-friendly glass paneling that make up the central pavilion. – Keren Dillard

EF Education First

Designer: Gensler Location: Denver

Acoustical consultant: K2 Audio Client and collaborator: EF Architecture & Design Studio General contractor: Rand Construction MEP engineer: Salas O’Brien Structural engineer: KL&A CLT/Timber supplier: Nordic Structures

EF Education First, an international school that specializes in experiential learning, looked to Gensler to create a sustainable office in Denver that would embody the company’s ethos and the spirit of Colorado. The resulting CLT structure echoes the look and feel of the neighboring Rocky Mountains, connecting visitors to the great outdoors through natural colors, textures, and materials.

High ceilings, natural light, and exposed timber beams create airy interiors. The biophilic color palette of the spaces—including soft tones and warm woods—mimics the surrounding landscape. A minimal reception desk, molded out of rammed earth from local soil, nods to Colorado’s red rock canyons, and a stairway with rows of floor-to-ceiling pine boards conjures the feeling of hiking through a forest. Adjacent lounges and workspaces are flanked by movable timber walls that allow team members to alter spaces depending on their needs. – Ali Oriaku

Hotel Magdalena

Architect: Lake | Flato Architects Location: Austin, Texas

Client and interior designer: Bunkhouse Group, Tenaya Hills Timber superstructure structural engineer: StructureCraft Base building steel and concrete structural engineer: Architectural Engineers Collaborative MEP engineer: Integral Group Landscape architect: Ten Eyck Landscape Architects General contractor: MYCON General Contractors Dowel-laminated timber panels: StructureCraft Windows and doors: Sierra Pacific Aluminum Clad Wood Windows/Doors, La Cantina Aluminum Doors, EFCO 5600 Slimline Aluminum Storefront

Hotel Magdalena is the first mass timber boutique hotel in North America. This 100,000-square-foot oasis honors the former site of the Austin Terrace Motel in Austin, Texas. Hotel Magdalena welcomes its visitors with a two-way gridded porte-cochère and hosts a series of vibrant common exterior spaces, outdoor walkways, shaded porches, and lushly planted terraces that recall lake houses and natural artesian springs found in the Texas Hill Country. The exposed wood in every space provides a warm and textured ambiance that ensures the timber structural components are an integral part of the hotel experience. This is also meant to spur daily conversations about sustainable construction and building practices. – Keren Dillard

NW 28th Brewery and Office Space

Firm: ZGF Location: Portland, Oregon

Developer: OSB2LAN MGM Fire protection engineer: Wyatt Fire Protection General contractor: Centrex Construction Structural engineer: KPFF Consulting Engineers Timber installer: Carpentry Plus Timber suppliers: DR Johnson Lumber, Nakamoto Forestry

A former warehouse in Northwest Portland, Oregon, has been transformed into the home of Great Notion Brewing, whose state-of-the-art taproom, coffee shop, and office space enliven the industrial neighborhood. Designed by ZGF, the building uses modern timber technology and locally harvested materials to showcase the region’s manufacturing roots.

The repurposed taproom, constructed of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and clad in naturally weathering Cor-ten steel panels, is connected to a spacious lobby made of yakisugi Japanese burnt timber. The raw CLT panels contrast with the black charred wood entry to create a bright, warm, and inviting space where patrons can drink Great Notion’s beers and marvel at the massive metal fermentation tanks that sit behind a nearby glass wall. – Ali Oriaku

Architect: Perkins&Will Location: Soo Valley, British Columbia

Client: Delta Land Development Electrical engineer: Rainbow Electric Energy consultants: Gencell, VREC Fire protection engineer: Viking Fire Protection General contractor: Durfeld Builders Glazing: Blackcomb Glass HVAC: Custom Air Structural engineer: StructureCraft Timber supplier: Structurelam Welder: OpenWide Welding Windows: Optiwin

Overlooking the Soo Valley in British Columbia’s Coast Mountains, SoLo, designed by Perkins&Will, is a Passive House–certified home made almost entirely of Douglas fir. Perkins&Will transformed the remote site into a luxury off-grid retreat that produces more energy than it consumes, with combustion and fossil fuels removed from its daily operations.

The project’s strategically limited material palette reduces the home’s embodied carbon footprint. The modular, prefabricated timber panels were trucked to the site and lifted into place by crane, reducing waste and construction time. Because of the valley’s harsh climate, the enclosure is composed of two layers of timber, with a heavy outer frame serving as a weather shield, and an insulated inner layer designed to contain heat. A glass curtain wall found at the rear of the home lets guests take in a view of the valley. – Ali Oriaku

Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design

Design architect: The Miller Hull Partnership Collaborating architect and prime architect: Lord Aeck Sargent Location: Atlanta

Timber installer/framer: Universal Timber Structures Timber supplier: Unadilla Laminated Products Salvaged lumber finishes supplier: Raydeo Enterprises General contractor: Skanska Landscape architect: Andropogon Design engineer: PAE Electrical engineer: Newcomb & Boyd Civil engineer: Long Engineering Structural engineer: Uzun + Case Graywater systems water consultant: Biohabitats

The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design is the first mass timber building on the Georgia Institute of Technology’s campus, and its 46,848 square feet of programmed space makes it the largest higher education building to achieve Living Building certification. It uses FSC-certified, responsibly harvested timber for its decking, benches, tables, and counters. According to the architects, that has saved 33 percent more carbon from being released than if the wood had come from a non–sustainably sourced supplier. The architects also said that the wood in the project has sequestered more than 100,00 kilograms of carbon dioxide. The Kendeda Building embodies a bold, values-driven vision that promotes sustainable construction and design methods. – Keren Dillard

Gensler promotes Elizabeth Brink as co-CEO and Julia Simet as the firm’s first global talent officer

WoodWorks recognizes schools, offices, and community spaces in its 2024 Wood Design Awards

AIA announces the 2024 COTE Award winners

FLEET LIBRARY | Research Guides

Rhode island school of design, landscape architecture.

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Finding Case Studies + Precedents

• Monographs, Topical Collections, and Critial Reviews

The Avery Index

Accessing digital resources off campus, online resources.

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When searching for a precedent or a case study, you will encounter three main types of books: monographs , topical collections , and critical review . Let's go through each type.

• TOPICAL / THEMATIC COLLECTION
• CRITICAL REVIEW

A monograph is a book focused on a single designer or project. Often, firms will produce monographs to highlight their own body of work, theory of design, or a particular project. Monographs are useful for learning about a designer’s thoughts and methods and learning more about the process behind projects. However, because monographs are often produced by the designers themselves, they usually will not include substantial critiques of the project or design process.

A thematic or topical collection is a book that presents a number of projects on a particular topic or theme. These books can be useful to help you find precedents and case studies that are relevant to your interests. These books might not provide a lot of information about each project, so you may need to use them as a jumping-off point for further research.

A critical review provides a critical assessment of a designer’s work or design movement by a scholar.  It can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the designer’s process, the context in which they practiced, and the impact of their work.

One of the best places to start when searching for case studies is the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals . This robust index offers a comprehensive listing of journal articles published worldwide on architecture and design, archeology, city planning, interior design, landscape architecture, and historic preservation. Coverage is from the 1930s (with selective coverage dating back to the 1740s) to the present. The Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals is updated weekly. The Avery Index has many unique features: to learn how to effectively use these features we have created an Introduction the Avery Index Guide . By searching the Avery Index you will be able to find print versions of articles in the library and request unavailable articles through Interlibrary Loan (ILL) .

Library access anytime!

Follow these 3 steps:

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• Arch Daily Provides architects with research tools and up-to-date examples of projects and architectural products. Search their Project page for case study examples.
• Landscape Performance Series The Landscape Performance Series is the online set of resources to help designers, agencies, and advocates evaluate performance, show value and make the case for sustainable landscape solutions. Landscape Performance Series provides information on Case Study Briefs.
• Rudy Bruner Award winners These award winners reflect the diversity of urban excellence. Each round of medalists yields fresh ideas and perspectives that challenge assumptions and increase understanding of how to make great urban places. Explore the past winners case studies by following the link above.
• Landscape Architecture Foundation The Landscape Architecture Foundation has been identifying priorities and strengthening the discipline to meet weighty environmental, social, and economic challenges. They believe in the power of design to create a healthier, more equitable, and sustainable world. Follow this link to a PDF of their A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture.
• LEED Projects LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is a green certification program for building design, construction, operations and maintenance. They also have a search feature on their website for finding different LEED certified projects.
• Project for Public Space Project for Public Spaces (PPS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping people create and sustain public spaces that build strong communities. They have a list of projects and sites searchable by categories.
• American Society of Landscape Architects Provides a selection of case studies which illustrate the transformative effects of sustainable landscape design.
• Urban Land Institute The ULI case studies site showcases real ULI member projects and developments that are especially innovative in their approach and that employ best practices in real estate and urban development. This site provides a wide range of information on a variety of development project types, all in one searchable format.
• U.S. Department of Energy: Building Catalog The Energy Department works to ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions. They keep a Building Catalog, which provides case studies of high performance buildings.
• Architectural Record The latest architecture and design projects from Architectural Record. Search this part of the site for updates on the newest, innovative buildings on the scene.
• Emporis Emporis collects information about buildings worldwide. Our website covers technical information on all kinds of buildings, whether skyscrapers, high-rises, halls or stadiums. Companies involved in designing, construction and operating buildings are recorded in our online directory.
• The Skyscraper Center Is a global tall building database. You can search by building, company, city, or country and compare data about different buildings.
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: Maps + Spatial Data + Demographics >>
• Last Updated: Feb 2, 2024 1:55 AM
• URL: https://risd.libguides.com/landscapearc

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Architecture

Case studies.

• Databases, Journals, Websites
• Visual Resources
• GIS & Geospatial Data
• Archives & Primary Sources
• Codes and Standards
• Writing a Research Paper
• Evaluate Sources
• Literature Reviews
• Citations and Data

A case study is a research strategy that uses "an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon or setting" in its real life context. (Adapted from Groat, Architectural Research Methods , 346).

Check out these books from the library for further guidance on case studies:

• Flyvbjerg, Bent. "Five Misunderstandings About Case Study Research." Qualitative Inquiry, 12, no. 2 (April 2006): 219-245.

• Last Updated: Oct 5, 2023 8:40 AM
• URL: https://guides.lib.utexas.edu/architecture

1st Edition

Case Study Strategies for Architects and Designers Integrative Data Research Methods

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Description

Case Study Strategies for Architects and  Designers explains methods in evidence-based design, also called practice-based research, to show you the value of research to your designs. Topics covered pertain to data collection and analysis techniques, including surveys, interviews, fieldwork, participatory design, occupancy evaluations, and memory sketching. Integrative data evaluation, theoretical sampling, triangulation, pattern matching logic, and analytical generalization are also discussed. Global research precedents, exercises, further reading, section summaries, sidebars, more than 30 black and white images and tables will help you conduct empirical inquiries in real-life contexts.

Table of Contents

Marja Sarvimaki is an Associate Professor at the Bond University’s Abedian School of Architecture in Gold Coast, Australia. Previously she taught architectural history-theory at the University of Hawaii. She is born in Helsinki, Finland, and earned her M. Arch and PhD at the Helsinki University of Technology (current Aalto University, Department of Architecture).

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The Architecture of Treehouses: 7 Inspiring Case Studies

Delicate but strong, these beautiful treehouses are entwined with nature, sitting high amongst the tree tops..

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Many architects find inspiration in the trees. For some, treehouses conjure a childhood memory of a secret hideout, remembered and reimagined, while others embrace the engineering challenge of building within the natural confines of the forest. There is a perpetual appreciation for the attention to detail needed to design and construct around a living entity, which necessitates the creative use of materials and a clear understanding of structural design.

Below are 7 examples of beautiful treehouse residences, hotels and workspaces, all unique and inspiring in their own way.

Nestled along a steep forested slope near the town of Uvita and inspired by the shape of seed cones, COCO Art Villas are multi-space habitats erected high above the Costa Rican jungle. Part of the larger Art Villas complex, the individual living spaces of COCO are sensitively connected to other buildings by footpaths, stairs and bridges. The idea is for visitors to be directly entwined with the surrounding treetops, giving them a sense of adventure and discovery at every moment. Open to the elements and intentionally minimal on the interior, these elevated villas are a bold example of experimental metal and timber construction that succeed in making simplicity incredibly luxurious.  

A sharply pitched, geometric home, the A-F3 treehouses are dark triangular entities designed to sit amongst the very tops of the trees. The upper floor of each structure houses a bedroom, while the lower is a spacious living area. To one side of the hexagonal floor-plate is a large, uninterrupted window, offering a unique view of the natural surroundings. The buildings are modern in design, yet their dark timber cladding and delicate pedestals allow them to stand comfortably within the natural landscape.

Built on stilts among the branches of three oak trees, The Woodsman’s Treehouse is over 30 feet high. Combining sustainable wood with impeccable craftsmanship, the treehouse is playful luxury at its best. The interior is arranged around a cylindrical central living area, with various subspaces housing the lobby, bed, bath and kitchen located on the compass points. The treehouse holds many surprises, incorporating a sauna, hot tub, revolving stove, pizza oven, open-air shower and even a slide. It is the perfect amalgamation of childhood fantasy and beautiful adult hide-away.

Wanaka Treehouse by Minimal Design , Wanaka, New Zealand

Wanaka Treehouse floats above the native Kanuka trees of New Zealand and boasts stunning views of the Southern Alps. The project is a unique vision by Minimal Design, determined to highlight the surrounding landscape in the most remarkable way possible. Custom woodwork throughout the interior and exterior of the treehouse creates a warm and inviting space that is bathed in light throughout the day. A large wraparound deck spans the length of the building, immersing visitors in the surrounding trees, while a terraced lawn of the master bedroom and a private spa bath are also tucked into the Kanuka trees.  

Built on a plot deemed too small to develop, the Fairfax Residence is an interesting and intelligently designed timber-framed structure. Perched on stilts and accessed by a long bridge, the building’s unconventional size and shape were both dictated by the boundaries of the plot. However, the two-bedroom home sports a surprisingly spacious interior, and has been created with a flexible, open plan configuration. A double-height ceiling makes the living spaces feel larger still.

Peter Pichler Architecture’s Tree Houses are aimed at providing visitors with a maximum connection to nature. The sharp, steep roofs of the project’s unusually shaped cabins are inspired by the surrounding maple, poplar and oak trees, and are clad in local wood. Developed as a concept for sustainable treehouses in the United States, the new scheme envisions a series of structures nestled into the wooded landscape. Part of a luxury resort, the treehouses are designed to be fully sustainable, consuming net-zero energy.

Part of the renowned TreeHotel in Northern Sweden, the Snøhetta’s “The 7th Room” is one of many treehouses within a larger retreat. It provides its guests with a breathtaking view of the Lapland treetops and the Lule River. With a focus on the surrounding nature, the design features large windows, a netted terrace suspended above the forest floor, and a tree stretching up through the cabin. The boundaries between indoors and outdoors are blurred, making the cabin one with the forest. With its wooden characteristics and unique location in the treetops, The 7th Room is a modern celebration of the traditional Nordic cabin and the pine tree forest that surrounds it.

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Architecture Student Chronicles

How to conduct a Case Study?

When students begin studying  Architecture at a University, the first thing that they are supposed to become excellent at, is doing a documentation or a case study . It could be a case study of a small village, town, a villa, a bus-stop, or a high-rise commercial or residential building. A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, incident, or community. Other ways include experiments, surveys , or analysis of archival information

What is the purpose of conducting a Case Study?

As the term Case Study suggests, it is the study of a particular case that is similar to your topic of design project. Doing a case study will help you understand the various aspects that you have to consider while designing.

Literature Case study

Before you start with your live case studies, first of all do a complete literature case study. Literature case study consists of reading everything you can find on the subject. You can refer books in a library, use Google to look up research papers, check out Standard Code books and statutory laws or from technical journals.

A literature case study would give you a vague idea about your topic. There will be various questions arising in your mind after you are done with your literature case study. To find the answers to those questions, you will have to go for minimum two live case studies….

Always possibly go for more than two different case studies, because a comparative case study of two or more different cases is very important and helpful.

• While you are doing your first case study, say a Villa, go for a smaller Villa first so that you can figure out the basic minimum requirements.
• In your second case study, go for an extremely lavish Villa so that you are aware of the maximum requirements you could give.

(Being able to provide maximum or minimum requirements in your design is very important)

If there are some requirements that you haven’t come across while doing your case studies but you went through it while you were doing a literature case study, then try implementing those requirements  in your design.

Eleven most important things to analyze in any Case Study

• Environment and micro-climate Analyzing the surrounding environment and the micro-climate of that place will help understand the reason of the orientation of the structure, the kind of roof chosen and the materials used in its construction.
• User behavior and requirements Studying the functioning of a particular place, say a Hospital, is very important; without which you will not be able to figure out the requirements and the area that should be allotted for each of the requirements.Talking to people working at that place (Hospital), will help you figure out if the requirements that are provided are adequate and he area that is allotted is sufficient for its efficient working.
• Utility and space enhancement Study of Utilitarian facilities of a particular case is also important. Various measures taken to enhance a particular space should be analyzed.
• Form and Function Analyzing the reason behind the form of that particular building…and how it merges with the surrounding environment. Form and Function go hand in hand. The form of the building should be able to convey the function of the building. A lot of Architects say “Form follows Function”.As an example, an institutional building should not end up looking like a museum or a disco.Some other Architects might disagree with that philosophy. They’d say that the function of a structure keeps changing but changing the form of the building everytime its function changes is not possible. They say, Adopt a “Universal Design Scheme”.
• Horizontal and vertical circulation Horizontal circulation consists of elements such as the corridors and lobbies. Vertical circulation includes elevators, staircases, ramps etc. The efficiency of the placement of these services should be analyzed.
• Site Planning and Landscape detailing Refer to the Article on the blog “ A Guide to Site Planning “, which deals with different aspects considered in site planning in greater detail.
• Structural details such as Column and Beam Design, Steel  and Composite structures Understanding and analyzing the structural details is also important. For example, large span structures such as Auditoriums use trusses or heavy I-section steel beams and sometimes shell-roofing that involve construction of Ring beams whereas in small span structures, RCC construction is used.
• Building Services such as Fire Alarm system, HVAC, Water supply systems The working of Fire Alarm system, HVAC and Water supply systems should be examined and their space requirements are to be analyzed.
• Design detailing considering the Barrier-free environment Implementation of the Barrier-free architecture for comfortable access to disabled people. Most public buildings have mandatory accessibility systems for the disabled. Check out Guidelines to the Disability Standards for Access to Premises 200X. (Australian law)
• Socio-economic profile of user group It might also be important to find out the socio-economic profile of the people using the services so as to determine their requirements and available resources.
• Parking details and standards Measure the allotted parking area on site, say for ten cars, then calculate the average area for each car and compare it with the areas specified in TSS (Time Savers Standards).

Conducting a case study is hard work. Sometimes, it is so small, it could be done in days, but on other occasions, it takes weeks to document and compile all the data. It involves going on-site, meeting and taking to people, lots of traveling, plenty of photography, and some fun. It is the most important of assignments you might get as an architectural students.

This is where you learn from reality, actual stuff, as opposed to only theoretical knowledge. When I was learning law I took every chance I could get to learn from people actually doing the work I was aiming for, yes I did “donate” many hours to Winters & Yonker, P.A. , but in the end is was worth every minute. Looking at places first hand  and documenting information would give you many insights and ideas and let you peek into the minds of professional architects and designers who have used years of experience and improvisation to design and create incredible structures.

Case studies of some of the famous Structures mentioned below:

 SPA – Delhi

VNIT – Nagpur

Thiagaraj Convention Center

TKM College of Engineering (Chennai)

42 thoughts on “How to conduct a Case Study?”

We want to design an oldage home how u can help

You live in Delhi and I am in Hyderabad, so I might not be of much help, unless you want my father (Architect Javed – http://www.architectjaved.com/ ) to design it for you.

If you want more info on Old age homes, see http://architecture-student.com/design-guide/guide-to-designing-old-age-homes/

The hardest part is looking for related literature especially when your research topic is new. It may be that difficult but it is surely unique when done and published.

I’m an attorney and when studying law we spent the bulk of the time reading what is called caselaw which is existing decisions that forms our law. We are to find cases that support our clients’ fact scenario so that the decision is our clients’ favour.

The parallel with architecture is uncanny as architects use existing structures and environments to form the basis for a new project. As the saying goes, “no need to reinvent the wheel” but it’s good to evolve from existing structures. Likewise, the law evolves.

Case Study is itself a very necessary work to be done before appearing to anything to be done. It’s just a sample report before appearing for any cases to get it solved properly.

A good blog to read on and to be shared amongst all…..

For me, Case Study is really important on anything you are planning in order to have a well planned and a successful outcome. Doing a Case Study on anything gives you an idea for the pro’s and con’s of that. I’m glad there’s such an article like this!

Case studies are a great way to plan lots of things, not just architectural projects. It’s almost like doing the work without actually doing the work, so you can identify sticking points, potential problems and lots more.

thank you that really helped….!! im a first year b.arch student….

Hello Nanda, We are glad our site has been of help to you. Do keep visiting. We wish you all the best for your future!

will do 🙂 thanku 🙂

it’s really helpful!! thx a lot!

i am beginning my thesis in B. arch. n so m requiring a hypothetical site of about 3 acres here in india with the climate warm and humid. topic is performing arts centre in kerala. how do i find and fix a hypothetical site?

Hello Resbi, The best way to find an appropriate site for your project could be done by using Google Earth.

i would like to know the steps and what case studies to do about for a multispeciality hospital

As im in 2nd year of b.arch

I have not much studed about much detailed

Like casestudy,site analysis’

It will help me

Thanks u again

U can see our 1st year architecture 1st month exibition video on youtube

hi !!!I’m a 1st year b.arch and v hav 2 do a case study on an architect’s firm . cud u tell me wat all i shud include in my case study???v hav to do a case study on a bungalow also…

Hello Joan,

The following links will be of help to you.

Guide for conducting a casestudy for a villa

Also check out: Cafeteria Design

i am a first year b.arch student..i have got a case study to do..can u please guide me by teling how many sheets should i present..please guide me..as soon as posible..ur site helpd me to knw how to do case study but i also want to know how many sheets should it include..please guide me..

tanx for this good work.pls do continue.

Number of sheets doesn’t matter until you pin down your inferences correctly …… for a first year student i guess a max of 1 or 2 A1 sheets or a ppt of less than 20 slides should be enough in terms of quantity …. make sure you put the point across 🙂 🙂

This was really helpful. Thank you very much. Just about to go for a case study on 2 schools.

What r all things I should see for bedroom attached bathroom casestudy.

Thank you for some other wonderful article. The place else could anyone get that type of information in such an ideal manner of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I am on the search for such information.

this really helped alot Thankyou

love your articles ,wld love to b part of this, was just surfing the net and found this…….good work to u guys

Hey, this really helped I’m goin for a case study on resorts tmrw Would appreciate any pointers to observe there thanq ????

hello,i am second year b.arch student,i have to do case study on luxury primary school . cud you please tell me what all should i include in my case study ???and also case study for the kids school…………

For a project like that, you should visit a minimum of two schools. One would be a high profile school and the other one could be a private low budget school or a government school. After you casestudies you will be able to draw comparisons between the two and that should help you come up with your list of requirements. let me know if you have any other questions.

I am doing by 3rd year b arch n this time our project is based on housing for artist Wht all shld I keep in mind while designing for artist n der family member who are non artist

Hello Monisha, I recommend you to read this article: http://architecture-student.com/case-studies/design-of-an-artist%E2%80%99s-house-guide-for-conducting-a-casestudy-of-a-villa/

Nice bolg. Thank you. I am barch student. I would like to know how to do comparison study of any two building. Now I have done with case study of a gallery (ngma Bangalore). I have done sub case study as well as literature study. But I want to know how exactly should I do comparitive study. More than write up comparison, How well can I present it

I am doing thesis on Orphan children and oldage home combining both generations together so as to create marvelous socially conceptual design. Help me with bestest case study from which I can learn alot to create spaces for both.

I am final year in srm rampuram school od architecture and doing thesis on township. So could anyone help with sum reference for case study and literature study as soon as possible

Hello Revathy,

When you say township… what kind of township. Give us some description of your thesis project so that we could give suggestions as to how you could proceed.

thanks a lot it is great information has answered some of my questions

hello.i have taken up the topic EMBASSY(any country) Design for my final year thesis. i was wondering if you could help me out with the plans for casestudies,since i hear it will be quite a problem with all the security.

It is not an excellent topic for design. You should have chosen something that would let you explore your ideas. Embassy building would look like a commercial block…nothing interesting… this is not something people havent seen. I do not think you will get permission for a livecasestudy of any embassy. No one would let you in. So if you still have time, i would suggest you choose a more design oriented topic.

hey i am doing thesis on low cost building materials and technology.i wanna do commercial project on this topic. can you suggest me project name or case study on this topic.

I have taken service apartment complex for tourist as my final year thesis. Help me to find the best case study for thesis.

Hello. Im studying b.arch 4th year. Im supposed to do a thesis case study, on Automobile industry i.e a car manufacturing plant. Can you please help me regarding this, as what all i should include and what steps i need to follow to complete my case study. Please reply me asap. Thank you.

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Applicability of Architectural Design Features in Contemporary Luxury Houses

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• Mervyn Wong Hsin Jyi 11 ,
• Joy Natalie Cotter 11 ,
• Mohd Afzan Noorawavi B. Mohamed 11 &
• Leng Pau Chung 12  

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This paper investigates the applicability of architectural design features in luxury houses through a case study methodology. This study aims to identify and understand the design principles and aesthetics that influence the design of luxury houses. The case study approach involves the analysis of three luxury contemporary houses in Sarawak, each with unique architectural designs. According to the research, seven elements of designing a luxury house were explained. These include security factors, the volume of space, building materials, façade design, interior design, courtyard, and landscape design. These design aspects are achieved by paying close attention to detail and focusing on creating an atmosphere that promotes the resident’s way of life. The research also emphasizes the significance of implementing sustainable design approaches, which contribute to environmental sustainability and increase the value of luxury home designs. In the context of creating more resilient architecture in the future, passive luxury house design can be an effective way to mitigate the risks of extreme weather conditions. Several passive design strategies were implemented and discussed in this paper to create an energy-efficient, comfortable, and healthy building without relying on active systems such as heating and cooling. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the design elements that are considered essential in luxury house design. The findings of this study can be useful for architects, interior designers, and developers in creating more resilient and sustainable luxury houses that meet the expectations of discerning clients.

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Choo HJ, Moon H, Kim H, Yoon N (2012) Luxury customer value. J Fash Mark Manag Int J 16:81–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612021211203041

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Jyi, M.W.H., Cotter, J.N., Mohamed, M.A.N.B., Chung, L.P. (2024). Applicability of Architectural Design Features in Contemporary Luxury Houses. In: Nia, E.M., Awang, M. (eds) Advances in Civil Engineering Materials. ICACE 2023. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 466. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0751-5_22

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BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT article

Emotionally-oriented design in museums: a case study of the jewish museum berlin.

• 1 Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
• 2 Faculty of Architecture and City Planning, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
• 3 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Objective: This study examines the intricate interplay between architectural design and visitor emotional responses at the Jewish Museum Berlin, focusing on how specific spatial elements such as the Holocaust Tower, Garden of Exile, The Voids, and The Axis elicit varied affective experiences. The research aims to extend the discourse on environmental psychology and architectural empathy, particularly within the context of memorial museums.

Method: Employing a non-intrusive approach, the study gathered emotional response data using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from 113 museum visitors, with 102 valid responses analyzed. Environmental conditions such as light, sound, and spatial design were quantitatively measured to correlate with emotional responses captured at the end of visitors' tours across the designated museum spaces.

Results: Findings revealed that architectural elements significantly influence emotional responses. High levels of negative emotions like fear and anxiety were markedly evident in the Holocaust Tower due to its minimal lighting and stark concrete structure. Conversely, the Garden of Exile induced more positive emotions through its use of natural light and greenery, emphasizing the role of biophilic design in enhancing emotional well-being. Statistical analysis supported these observations, with variations in emotional impact across different spaces demonstrating the profound effect of architectural design on visitor experiences.

Conclusion: This study confirms that a variety of design elements and spatial strategies not only facilitate the presentation of historical narratives but also actively sculpt the emotional involvement and experiences of visitors. Our findings highlight the efficacy of emotionally-oriented architectural design in deepening the impact and engagement of museum visitors, emphasizing the transformative power of these environments in shaping visitor perceptions and interactions.

1 Introduction

Emotions, as complex psychological states involving subjective experiences, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions, are central to the human experience. They play a critical role in how we perceive, interact with, and remember our environments. In architectural contexts, emotions can range from awe and tranquility to anxiety and discomfort, influenced by elements such as spatial proportions, lighting, acoustics, and material finishes ( Bower et al., 2019 ; Li, 2019 ; Shemesh et al., 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2022 , 2023b ). Understanding these emotional responses is crucial for creating spaces that not only serve functional needs but also foster well-being and meaningful experiences.

The interplay between architectural design and human emotion is a profound and complex subject that sits at the heart of environmental psychology and design studies. Architecture, transcending its utilitarian functions, wields the power to evoke a spectrum of emotions, shape behaviors, and create lasting memories. It is a tangible expression of culture and history, one that communicates and influences at a visceral level. Theoretical explorations in this domain affirm that the manipulation of light, volume, texture, and materiality in built environments can significantly sway individuals' mood states and psychological well-being ( Webb, 2006 ; Ergan et al., 2018 ; Jafarian et al., 2018 ; Jiang et al., 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ; Kim and Hong, 2023 ).

Consider the poignant role of memorial museums, where architectural design is tasked with the delicate balance of embodying historical narratives and facilitating reflective experiences. The Jewish Museum Berlin, designed by Daniel Libeskind, serves as a prime exemplar of how spatial design is intricately woven with emotional narrative ( Sodaro, 2013 ; Tzortzi, 2017 ). This institution houses a confluence of spaces–The Axis, Garden of Exile, Holocaust Tower, and The Voids–each architecturally orchestrated to invoke distinct emotional responses from its visitors. The design embodies a dialogue between the stark realities of history and the potential for hope and renewal, leveraging the emotive capacity of architectural cues to guide visitors through a journey of collective memory and individual introspection ( Feldman and Peleikis, 2014 ).

Given this context, the Jewish Museum Berlin was selected as a case study due to Libeskind's unique architectural vision. His design deliberately creates spaces intended to evoke both positive and negative emotions, which represents a significant departure from conventional architectural goals that typically prioritize comfort and positivity. This approach provides an ideal context for investigating how architectural elements shape emotional responses. By challenging visitors to engage with historical narratives on a deeply emotional level, Libeskind's design makes the Jewish Museum Berlin a compelling subject for studying the impact of architectural empathy.

The Axis, a metaphorical intersection of pathways, not only directs physical movement but also choreographs the emotional pacing of the visitor experience. The Garden of Exile, with its forest of pillars and disorienting angles, contrasts against the Holocaust Tower's imposing walls and constrained slivers of light, illustrating how light manipulation can be a powerful affective tool ( Edensor, 2017 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ). The Voids, silent and resonant, offer a multisensory engagement that is as much about the presence of sound as it is about the voids of silence, echoing research that highlights the deep connection between sensory environments and emotional states ( Henshaw and Mould, 2013 ; Fiebig et al., 2020 ; Algargoosh et al., 2022 ).

To effectively measure these emotional responses, various psychometric tools have been developed. One such tool is the Profile of Mood States (POMS), which assesses transient, distinct mood states through a series of adjectives rated by the respondent ( McNair et al., 1971 ). Another is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), which evaluates positive and negative affective states and is widely recognized for its reliability and validity in diverse settings ( Watson et al., 1988 ). Additionally, tools like the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) provide a non-verbal pictorial assessment of emotional response, particularly useful in environments where verbal articulation may be challenging ( Bradley and Lang, 1994 ).

Within this architectural milieu, the present study seeks to quantitatively investigate the emotional impact of these spaces on visitors. It draws upon the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scale, a widely recognized metric for assessing affective dimensions ( Watson et al., 1988 ). By grounding the subjective in the empirical, this research aims to contribute substantively to the dialogue on the empathetic capacity of architectural environments. It posits that designed spaces, particularly within the context of memorial museums, can function as catalysts for empathy, eliciting a range of emotions from contemplative sorrow to uplifting tranquillity ( Watson, 2015 ; Golańska, 2015 ; Oren et al., 2022 ).

In synthesizing the PANAS findings with theoretical discourse, the study will explore how architectural form and content can act synergistically to enhance visitor engagement. It will address the interplay of memory, emotion, and place, offering insights into how spatial narratives can be thoughtfully constructed to resonate with visitors on an emotional and cognitive level. Such insights are anticipated to extend the current frameworks for architectural and environmental psychology, providing nuanced understandings of how spaces can be crafted to not just house experiences, but to actively shape and define them ( Manzo, 2003 ; Shin, 2016 ).

Through this exploration, the study underscores the dynamic role of architecture in emotional storytelling within museum contexts. It is poised to offer valuable implications for design practices that seek to engage visitors beyond the visual, delving into the affective realm where architecture meets emotion, memory, and meaning ( Lukas, 2012 ; Tolia-Kelly et al., 2017 ).

2.1 Participants

This study adopted a non-intrusive method of data collection with visitors at the Jewish Museum Berlin, ensuring the authenticity of the emotional responses ( Webb et al., 1999 ). Data were gathered from museum-goers at the conclusion of their visit to the Holocaust Tower, Garden of Exile, the “The Voids”, and the Axis spaces designed to provoke a range of emotional experiences. Research staff approached visitors at the exit of the museum, inviting those who had completed their tour to participate in the study. This strategy prioritized capturing the spontaneous emotional reactions of visitors, rather than pre-selected volunteers, thereby preserving the natural behavior and experiences within the museum environment.

Upon exiting, participants were asked to complete the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a questionnaire that assesses a spectrum of emotional states triggered by the architectural and environmental attributes of the spaces visited. In addition to the PANAS, demographic data such as age, gender, and nationality were collected to facilitate a demographic breakdown of the emotional responses. The study engaged a total of 113 participants. After processing, 102 questionnaires were considered valid for analysis, with 11 discarded due to incompleteness. The demographics of the sample were diverse, with 59.46% identifying as female and 40.54% as male. The age distribution was as follows: 18–30 years old (33 participants), 31–40 years old (32 participants), 41–50 years old (31 participants), and over 50 years old (17 participants). All participants provided informed consent, ensuring ethical research practice.

2.2 Architectural space description

The Jewish Museum Berlin, designed by Daniel Libeskind, is a striking example of contemporary memorial architecture. The museum comprises several distinctive spaces, each with its unique architectural features intended to evoke a range of emotional responses ( Figure 1 ). Below is a comprehensive description of these spaces, encompassing their spatial dimensions and design solutions.

Figure 1 . (A) Schematic Overview of the Jewish Museum Berlin: the four main architectural spaces explored in this study–Holocaust Tower, Garden of Exile, The Axis, and The “Voids.”, (B) Plan of the Jewish Museum Berlin.

The Axis is a series of intersecting corridors that connect different parts of the museum. These pathways are designed to create a sense of direction and movement, guiding visitors through the museum's narrative. The walls are adorned with exhibits that provide context to the historical events commemorated by the museum. The Garden of Exile is an outdoor space featuring 49 concrete stelae, each 6 meters high, arranged in a grid pattern. The ground is tilted, creating a sense of disorientation and confusion, symbolizing the experience of exile. The stelae are filled with earth from Berlin and Jerusalem, emphasizing the connection between the past and the present. The Holocaust Tower is a tall, narrow, and empty space, measuring 24 meters in height with a small slit at the top allowing minimal natural light. The space is designed to evoke feelings of isolation, confinement, and introspection. The concrete walls and the stark, cold atmosphere contribute to the somber experience intended by the architect. The Voids are a series of empty spaces that run vertically through the building. These voids are intended to represent the absence of Jews in Berlin following the Holocaust. The largest of these voids, the Memory Void, contains an installation called “Shalekhet” (Fallen Leaves) by artist Menashe Kadishman, consisting of thousands of metal faces spread across the floor.

Libeskind's design employs sharp angles, irregular forms, and voids to convey the complexity and trauma of Jewish history. The use of materials such as concrete and steel, along with the interplay of light and shadow, enhances the emotional impact of the spaces. These architectural solutions are not merely aesthetic but are deeply symbolic, intended to engage visitors on both an intellectual and emotional level.

2.3 Measures

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was used to assess participants' emotional responses. PANAS is a widely recognized scale that measures two dimensions of affect: Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA). Each dimension consists of 10 items. Participants rate the extent to which they feel each emotion on a scale from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely). The Positive Affect items include interested, excited, strong, enthusiastic, proud, alert, inspired, determined, attentive, and active. The Negative Affect items include distressed, upset, guilty, scared, hostile, irritable, ashamed, nervous, jittery, and afraid ( Watson et al., 1988 ).

2.4 Environmental measurements

In the Jewish Museum Berlin, comprehensive environmental and acoustic measurements were gathered from four distinct spaces using a suite of instruments: a sound level meter (Smart sensor AS804), light meter (UNI-T UT383), temperature and humidity meter (UNI-T UT333), audio recorder (Tascam DR-100MK III), and spectrometer (Sekonic C-700). These instruments were employed to collect precise data, as shown in Figure 2 .

Figure 2 . Comparative Environmental Measurements across Four Spaces of the Jewish Museum Berlin: (A) Holocaust Tower, (B) The Voids, (C) The Axis, and (D) Garden of Exile. Each panel presents light and sound spectra, accompanied by temperature, humidity, and decibel range data.

The purpose of presenting the data about color temperature, light intensity, sound levels, temperature, and humidity is to provide a detailed environmental context for each space within the museum. These environmental factors are known to significantly influence human emotional and psychological responses ( De Rojas and Camarero, 2008 ). By measuring and documenting these parameters, the study aims to explore how specific environmental conditions may influence the emotional responses reported by visitors, thereby offering a more comprehensive understanding of how architectural elements affect visitor experiences ( Goulding, 2000 ; Bigné et al., 2005 ; Halpenny, 2010 ).

For example, in the Holocaust Tower, illumination ranged from 2.7 to 5.7 Lux, with a natural spectrum color temperature of 4918K. The low lighting and cooler color temperature contribute to the overall somber and reflective atmosphere of the space. The temperature was recorded at 16.3 °C, and humidity at 46.3%, with sound levels varying between 39 and 84 decibels. The significant height of the space, 21 meters, created an echo effect, intensifying the auditory experience and potentially heightening feelings of isolation and introspection.

The Garden of Exile was illuminated much more variably, between 2,940 and 18,400 Lux, with natural light color temperatures from 5986 to 6234K, temperature at 16.6 °C, and humidity at 37.4%. Sound levels here ranged from 43.7 to 71.5 decibels, with ambient sounds such as bird calls enriching the outdoor environment. The variation in light intensity and the presence of natural elements like vegetation are intended to evoke feelings of confusion, displacement, but also a sense of connection to nature, promoting reflection and contemplation.

In “The Voids”, indoor natural light levels were measured from 279 to 429 Lux and color temperatures between 5716 to 5914K. The space was warmer at 19.7 °C and more humid at 58.7%, with sound levels reaching up to 98.2 decibels due to the presence of art installations and specific architectural acoustics. These environmental characteristics contribute to a complex sensory experience that engages visitors on multiple levels.

Finally, The Axis, defined as a pathway, recorded illumination levels from 67.5 to 115 Lux and cooler color temperatures of 3056 to 3081K. The temperature there was around 22 °C and humidity at 36.7%. Sound levels, affected by visitor interactions, reached up to 77.8 decibels, with LED lighting that limited the depth of sensory engagement.

The time frame used for measuring the sound spectrum in each space was standardized to a continuous 10-minute interval during peak visiting hours. This period was selected to capture the typical ambient noise levels and visitor interactions within each environment. The audio recordings were analyzed to determine the average and peak decibel levels, as well as the frequency distribution of sounds, ensuring a comprehensive acoustic profile of each space.

By presenting these environmental measurements, the study aims to explore how the physical characteristics of each space may influence the emotional reactions they elicit. This approach provides a nuanced understanding of how specific environmental conditions might contribute to the overall emotional impact of architectural design in a museum setting.

2.5 Analysis strategy

The study utilized the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to measure emotional responses after visitors explored four distinct sections of the Berlin Jewish Museum: the Holocaust Tower, The Axis, The Voids, and the Garden of Exile. Data processing was meticulously carried out using Python, leveraging libraries such as Pandas for data manipulation and NumPy for numerical operations. This ensured the precision of the PANAS scores, which are crucial for assessing the immediate impact of each spatial design on visitors' emotions ( Hovy, 2022 ).

Statistical analyses were conducted using independent samples t-tests to evaluate emotional variances across different spatial elements, with 'The Axis' serving as a baseline comparison. This analysis was facilitated by the SciPy library, a tool integral to executing statistical tests in Python. Additionally, the effect sizes were computed using Cohen's d, providing insights into the magnitude of emotional responses elicited by each architectural element ( Howell, 1992 ).

The Axis was selected as the baseline for comparison due to its transitional nature and relative neutrality in emotional design. Unlike the Holocaust Tower, The Voids, and the Garden of Exile, which are explicitly designed to evoke strong emotional responses, The Axis serves primarily as a connective pathway linking different parts of the museum. Additionally, The Axis features exhibits along its sides, embodying characteristics typical of a standard museum exhibition space. This makes it an ideal reference point for measuring variations in emotional impact across more emotionally charged spaces. By using The Axis as a baseline, the study can more accurately isolate and identify the specific emotional influences of the other architectural elements.

The entire analysis was conducted and documented using a Jupyter Notebook, which facilitates the integration of live code with narrative text, enhancing the clarity and reproducibility of the research. We adhered to a conventional significance threshold of p < 0.05 throughout our analyses to ensure the statistical validity of our findings. The use of the SciPy library was central to our statistical analysis, allowing us to perform robust t-tests and calculate effect sizes efficiently. This, along with other Python tools such as Pandas for data manipulation, greatly streamlined the process and enhanced our ability to manipulate and visualize data effectively ( Virtanen et al., 2020 ; McKinney, 2022 ).

By employing robust statistical tools and a reliable data analysis environment, the study effectively quantified the emotional impacts of architectural design, setting a precedent for future research in the domain of emotional architecture.

3.1 Emotional responses across different spaces

This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of emotional responses to the architectural spaces within the Berlin Jewish Museum, namely the Holocaust Tower, The Axis, The Voids, and the Garden of Exile. Data extracted from Table 1 , which displays the average PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) scores for each space, reveals nuanced patterns in emotional engagement.

Table 1 . Average PANAS scores for emotional responses across architectural spaces at the Jewish Museum Berlin: the table delineates the intensity of each emotion reported by visitors in the Holocaust Tower, The Axis, The Voids, and the Garden of Exile.

Low affect emotions: Emotions such as guilt (Guilty) and shame (Ashamed) consistently scored low across all spaces, with average scores of 1.97, 1.70, 1.93, and 1.38 for Guilty and 1.57, 1.54, 1.43, and 1.45 for Ashamed in the Holocaust Tower, The Axis, The Voids, and Garden of Exile respectively. These low scores suggest that the museum's exhibits are less likely to evoke feelings of personal responsibility or embarrassment, likely reflecting the thematic elements focused more on historical reflection than on personal culpability.

Stable affect emotions: Emotions such as alertness (Alert) and activeness (Active) manifested moderately across all spaces, indicating a general state of engagement. For example, Alert scores were 4.13, 2.99, 3.72, and 2.44, while Active scores were 2.12, 2.64, 2.67, and 4.02 across the Holocaust Tower, The Axis, The Voids, and Garden of Exile respectively. These scores indicate that the museum's design consistently engages visitors, maintaining their attention and physical activity throughout the exhibits.

Highly variable emotions: Within the Berlin Jewish Museum, thematic and design differences had a pronounced impact on emotional responses in specific spaces. The Holocaust Tower exhibit, for instance, significantly elicited higher levels of distress-related emotions, with fear (Afraid) and anxiety (Nervous) scoring 3.80 and 3.94 respectively. These heightened scores likely reflect the intense historical context that the exhibit aims to convey. In stark contrast, the Garden of Exile area proved to be a space that fostered positive emotional states, achieving scores of 3.59 for inspiration (Inspired) and 4.06 for interest (Interested). These results highlight the Garden of Exile's effectiveness in evoking feelings of reflection and positive engagement, showcasing how different environmental themes can distinctly influence visitor emotions.

Positive emotions:

Active ( Figure 3E ): Among the positive emotions, the feeling of activeness showed the largest variance across the spaces. The scores for Active were 2.12 in the Holocaust Tower, 2.64 in The Axis, 2.67 in The Voids, and significantly higher at 4.02 in the Garden of Exile. This results in a maximum difference of 1.90, indicating that the Garden of Exile notably enhances visitors' feelings of activeness compared to the other spaces.

Figure 3 . Emotional profiles and distributions in the Jewish Museum Berlin's architectural spaces: (A) Positive emotions radar chart. (B) Negative emotions radar chart. (C) Box plot of the distribution of positive emotion PANAS scores across different spaces. (D) Box plot of the distribution of negative emotion PANAS scores across different spaces. (E) Violin plot comparison for active across spaces. (F) Violin plot comparison for afraid across spaces. (G) Violin plot comparison for attentive across spaces. (H) Violin plot comparison for ashamed across spaces. Asterisks denote significance levels ( * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

Attentive ( Figure 3G ): In contrast, the emotion of attentiveness exhibited the smallest variance among the positive emotions. Scores were 2.98 in the Holocaust Tower, 2.73 in The Axis, 3.95 in The Voids, and 3.96 in the Garden of Exile, with a maximum difference of 1.23. This suggests a relatively consistent level of attentiveness across all exhibits, with slightly higher engagement in the latter two spaces.

Negative emotions:

Afraid ( Figure 3F ): For negative emotions, the feeling of fear (Afraid) showed the greatest variance. Scores were 3.80 in the Holocaust Tower, 2.10 in The Axis, 3.33 in The Voids, and 1.56 in the Garden of Exile, resulting in a maximum difference of 2.24. This indicates that the Holocaust Tower significantly elicits higher levels of fear compared to the other spaces, reflecting its intense historical context.

Ashamed ( Figure 3H ): Conversely, the emotion of shame (Ashamed) exhibited the smallest variance among negative emotions. The scores were 1.57 in the Holocaust Tower, 1.54 in The Axis, 1.43 in The Voids, and 1.45 in the Garden of Exile, with a minimal maximum difference of 0.14. These consistently low scores suggest that the museum's exhibits are less likely to evoke feelings of personal responsibility or embarrassment, likely due to their focus on historical reflection rather than personal culpability.

3.2 T-test results of emotional responses

Drawing on data visualized in the radar charts ( Figures 3A , B ) and the box plots ( Figures 3C , D ), this study offers an in-depth examination of the emotional responses to different spatial environments within the Berlin Jewish Museum: Holocaust Tower, The Axis, The Voids, and Garden of Exile. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scores provide a nuanced exploration of how each space influences visitors' emotional states.

From the radar charts, it's evident that certain spaces amplify specific emotions. The Holocaust Tower exhibit, as shown in Figure 3B , registers pronounced distress-related responses, particularly fear and anxiety, while the Garden of Exile, depicted in Figure 3A , facilitates positive emotions such as inspiration and interest.

The box plots in Figures 3C , D quantify these observations:

• Holocaust Tower vs. The Axis: While the Holocaust Tower space did not significantly differ from the Axis in terms of positive emotional responses (t-statistic of -0.997; p-value of 0.320; Cohen's d of -0.14), it markedly elevated negative emotions (t-statistic of 6.625; p -value of 3.15 × 10 −10 ; Cohen's d of 0.93), as Figure 3D illustrates.

• The Voids vs. The Axis: Figure 3C reveals that The Voids space engendered a significant increase in positive emotions compared to the Axis (t-statistic of 3.555; p -value of 4.74 × 10 −4 ; Cohen's d of 0.50). Figure 3D reflects a similar trend in negative emotions (t-statistic of 3.849; p-value of 1.60 × 10 −4 ; Cohen's d of 0.54).

• Garden of Exile vs. The Axis: As the most positively impactful environment, the Garden of Exile's influence on positive emotions is statistically significant (t-statistic of 9.376; p -value of 1.48 × 10 −17 ; Cohen's d of 1.31). Conversely, it substantially reduces negative emotions (t-statistic of -8.174; p -value of 4.24 × 10 −14 ; Cohen's d of -1.14), reinforcing its restorative role as seen in Figure 3D .

These detailed results, grounded in statistical analysis and visual evidence, underscore the profound and varied emotional impacts that architectural elements have on museum visitors, highlighting the importance of thoughtful spatial design in influencing visitor experience.

4 Discussion

The findings of this study provide a comprehensive analysis of the influence of architectural design on emotional responses, as illustrated by the experiences of visitors to the Jewish Museum Berlin. The statistical data from the PANAS questionnaires, along with the radar charts ( Figures 3A , B ) and box plots ( Figures 3C , D ), provided a multidimensional view of how each distinct space within the museum evoked varying emotional states among the participants.

4.1 Interpretation of findings

The results of this study, particularly the heightened negative emotional responses in the Holocaust Tower exhibit, suggest a complex interplay of environmental factors rather than solely the impact of low lighting on mood. Contrary to the expected calming effects of low lighting identified in studies by de Ruyter and van Dantzig (De Ruyter and Van Dantzig, 2019) , Kombeiz ( Kombeiz et al., 2017 ), and others, the Holocaust Tower's unique combination of minimal natural light, the stark, cold concrete architecture, and the towering voids, uniquely contributed to visitors' feelings of fear and anxiety ( Campens, 2017 ). This distinct atmosphere, characterized by its chilling austerity and vast, empty spaces, was effectively aligned with the exhibit's thematic intent to invoke deep reflection on a dark period in history.

Conversely, the Garden of Exile leverages the principles of biophilic design through its integration of natural light and vegetation, echoing Evensen et al.'s assertion of nature's positive effects on human emotion ( Dash, 2017 ; Evensen et al., 2017 ). This space consistently evoked feelings of inspiration and interest among visitors, suggesting that biophilic elements in architectural design can significantly contribute to the promotion of positive emotional states.

Furthermore, the auditory experience provided by “The Voids” sound installations played a crucial role in shaping the museum's emotional atmosphere, substantiating DeNora's findings on the emotive power of sound ( DeNora, 2000 ; Ebbensgaard, 2017 ; Tavakoli et al., 2017 ). This multisensory approach appears to have been successful in enhancing visitors' emotional engagement, underpinning the significance of considering auditory elements within architectural spaces.

This study extends the current discourse on environmental psychology by empirically demonstrating the differential emotional impacts elicited by distinct architectural elements within a museum context. The substantial variance in emotional responses to each space underlines the potential for architecture to serve not merely as a backdrop for exhibits but as an active participant in the storytelling process of a museum. These insights offer valuable contributions to the field, suggesting that architectural design, when thoughtfully executed, has the power to evoke a deeply emotional narrative and profoundly affect the visitor experience.

4.2 Implications for architectural design

The quantitative findings of this research underscore the complex role that architectural spaces play as dynamic mediators of emotional experience within museums. The design of the Axis in the Jewish Museum Berlin, acting as a connector between the various thematic spaces, effectively sets the stage for an emotional transition, thereby heightening the contrast in affective responses as visitors move from one space to another.

This relational dynamic between the spaces suggests that the emotional impact of a museum visit is not solely dependent on the artefacts displayed but is significantly influenced by the journey the architecture curates. The Axis, therefore, serves a pivotal role in the emotional narrative of the museum, underpinning the importance of considering the sequence of spatial experiences in museum design. It is an interesting and essential aspect that architects and designers need to deliberate upon–the emotional interplay between successive spaces and its cumulative effect on visitor engagement.

The empirical evidence from this study supports the argument for a holistic approach to museum architecture, one that includes the intentional use of varying architectural elements to evoke and modulate emotions throughout the visitor's journey. The affective dimension of spatial design, as observed in the Jewish Museum Berlin, is a testament to the capacity of thoughtful architectural planning to not only showcase exhibits but also to elicit a spectrum of emotions that enrich the overall narrative and experience.

4.3 Limitations and future research

The present study, while offering valuable insights, has several limitations that warrant mention. The timing of the questionnaires was not synchronized with the measurement of environmental factors, which may affect the accuracy of capturing visitors' immediate emotional responses, particularly in the Garden of Exile space. As an outdoor area, the Garden is subject to environmental and weather variations, making it challenging to ensure a consistent experience for all visitors. This variability was not controlled for in the study and represents a potential confound in interpreting the emotional impact of this space.

The discrepancy in timing between the visitors' experiences and the administration of the PANAS questionnaire could lead to recall bias, where participants may not accurately remember or may reinterpret their emotional states after the fact. Cultural backgrounds and the age of participants were also not factored into the analysis, which could influence the interpretation of the emotional responses elicited by the museum's spaces. Additionally, the possibility of repeat visits by participants was not a consideration in the study's design, potentially affecting the novelty of the experience and subsequent emotional responses.

To address these limitations, future research could consider employing virtual reality (VR) technology to simulate the museum environment under controlled conditions, ensuring uniformity in visitors' experiences regardless of external factors such as weather. VR technology allows for the control of environmental variables, providing a consistent and replicable experience for all participants. Additionally, VR can facilitate the collection of physiological measures of emotional responses, such as galvanic skin response or heart rate variability, providing a more objective and nuanced understanding of the emotional effects of architectural spaces. Moreover, VR technology can be used to capture and analyze facial expressions to quantify emotions, adding another layer of emotional data. This method, as demonstrated in previous research ( Zhang et al., 2023a ), can provide real-time insights into participants' emotional states, offering a more comprehensive assessment of their experiences. Further investigation with a larger and more diverse sample, taking into account cultural and age differences, would also be beneficial in enhancing the generalizability of the findings to other commemorative architectural contexts. This approach would ensure that the emotional impacts of architectural design are understood across a broad spectrum of visitors, contributing to more inclusive and effective design strategies.

5 Conclusions

This study tentatively suggests that architectural elements such as lighting, vegetation, and sound may have a significant impact on the emotional responses of visitors to the specific spaces analyzed within the Jewish Museum Berlin. The findings indicate that minimal lighting in the Holocaust Tower likely intensified visitor experiences of sombre reflection, while the use of natural light and greenery in the Garden of Exile might have enhanced feelings of inspiration and interest. Similarly, sound installations in The Voids appear to have deepened the emotional engagement of the visitors.

These preliminary observations propose that the thoughtful integration of architectural and environmental factors can potentially enrich the visitor experience in commemorative spaces, offering a nuanced approach to museum design that goes beyond traditional exhibit presentation. However, it is important to note that this study focused solely on four specific spaces within the museum and did not include the exhibition spaces. Therefore, while our findings provide valuable insights, further research is necessary to confirm these observations and to explore their applicability in other settings within memorial museums.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Ethics Committee. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author contributions

ZZ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JL: Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. XZ: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Keywords: emotionally-oriented design, emotional architecture, museum design, architectural psychology, visitor experience, environmental psychology

Citation: Zhang Z, Lu J and Zhang X (2024) Emotionally-oriented design in museums: a case study of the Jewish Museum Berlin. Front. Psychol. 15:1423466. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1423466

Received: 25 April 2024; Accepted: 18 June 2024; Published: 05 July 2024.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Zhang, Lu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Jing Lu, lujing@ymcc1993.com

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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A bim package with a nec4 contract option to mitigate construction disputes in the kingdom of saudi arabia.

1. Introduction

1.1. problem statement, 1.2. research objectives.

• Investigate the incidence of disputable claims within the KSA construction industry.
• Analyze the impact of claim mitigation on KSA construction using BIM technology.
• Validate the proposed framework for BIM-based claim mitigation in upcoming construction contracts.

2. Literature Review

2.1. role of bim in the construction industry, 2.2. bim and construction claims reduction in the ksa industry, 2.3. impact of construction claims on project success in the ksa industry, 2.4. importance of bim package application in resolving construction claims, 2.5. importance of nec4 contract form option c with bim package, 3. methodology.

• The literature review critically analyzes previous studies on BIM applications in construction. Additional similar studies are identified from the existing literature, as shown in Table 1 . The primary objective of the study is to identify gaps and areas where existing research lacks and pinpoint key factors contributing to construction claims.
• Abougamil et al. (2024) [ 32 ], as the authors of this research, have proposed a BIM conceptual framework in a linked published study with the current research for reducing construction claims. The proposed framework is further developed, explained, and broken down in Section 4 in the current research, which will be used in Section 5 as a case study to reduce construction claims. The question confronting researchers and modelers is not whether a model is realistic, but whether it is beneficial [ 47 ]. Therefore, to implement the developed BIM framework in Section 4 , a real claims case has been selected and analyzed from an actual project chosen from the author’s experience and modeled with the involvement of BIM in the project contract.
• How does the proposed BIM model serve in this study? Section 4 explains the processes of the BIM Package, which the steps of the model illustrated throughout the entire section. The first step in Section 4 highlights that the 2D CAD drawings will be imported into Revit to create a 3D model that displays all project elements. The BIM Package includes Navisworks as an auxiliary software that displays the project’s details in Revit and shows any clashes, if any. Once relevant project parties have identified and approved all components in the model, we upload vital information for each item, including technical data and specifications, to avoid future conflicts over changing specifications or item design. Next, we calculate the required duration for each item and use Microsoft Project to determine and visualize the total project time in a Gantt chart. We employ Cost-X to calculate or measure items from the model or 2D drawings. Once drawings are imported into Cost-X, the software automatically measures any selected area and displays the cost based on previously identified specifications in Revit. These sequential steps help minimize human errors that may occur during manual processing. Essential articles from the signed contract in the project case study are highlighted in the provided raw data Section 5 to reflect the bespoke contract conditions with limited provisions. The articles are translated into quantifiable rules and verified against contract BIM outputs.
• Survey interviews will be considered to validate the case study simulation. Subsequently, the last stage of the applied methodology is to conclude the research outcomes with future recommendations.

4. Proposed BIM Package Application for Resolving Construction Claims

4.1. illustration of the conceptual bim package for reducing potential claims, 4.2. proposed steps for resolving construction claims under the bim package, 5. claims case study from the ksa construction industry using the bim package, 5.1. simulating and solving the claims case study by implementing the bim package.

• Stage 1: What was missing?
• Stage 1 of this case study involves identifying the missing elements in the original drawings of the selected project. To simulate this, the original 2D CAD drawings, which were converted into a 3D digital model using Revit Architecture, are depicted in Figure 9 and Figure 10 . This conversion ensures that all included items are visually represented in the model. Subsequently, the project activities outlined in the original drawings are detailed using MS Project, establishing the project baseline, as illustrated in Figure 11 . Furthermore, Table 7 provides a breakdown of the project budget, delineating the cost and time allocated for each item. The data in Table 7 is derived from MS Project ( Figure 11 ) and Cost-X ( Figure 12 a,b), tailored to suit NEC 4 Option A with an activity schedule.
• Stage 2: What has Been Improved?
• In Stage 2, following the contract agreement, the original 3D model undergoes enhancements derived from the Issued for Construction (IFC) drawings provided by the contractor and subcontractors. This process reveals discrepancies between the original and the shop drawings, highlighting any missing items. The revised outcomes obtained from the updated 3D model, facilitated by the BIM Package utilizing Revit, MS Project, and Cost-X, are illustrated in Figure 12 b and detailed in Table 8 .
• Stage 3: Mitigating the Factual Claims Value by Prospective Analysis Retrospectively

5.2. Conducting Interview Sessions to Validate the BIM Package Used in the Case Study

6. results and discussion, 7. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Abougamil, R.A.; Thorpe, D.; Heravi, A. A BIM Package with a NEC4 Contract Option to Mitigate Construction Disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Buildings 2024 , 14 , 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072009

Abougamil RA, Thorpe D, Heravi A. A BIM Package with a NEC4 Contract Option to Mitigate Construction Disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Buildings . 2024; 14(7):2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072009

Abougamil, Reda Abdelshafy, David Thorpe, and Amirhossein Heravi. 2024. "A BIM Package with a NEC4 Contract Option to Mitigate Construction Disputes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Buildings 14, no. 7: 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072009

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The Bartlett School of Architecture

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The Bartlett Summer Show 2024 Prizewinners

27 June 2024

The Bartlett Summer Show 2024 launched on Friday 21 June, and 81 students across five exhibiting programmes have been awarded or nominated for prizes for creativity and excellence in their projects.

Every year at The Bartlett Summer Show, prizes are awarded to students across the exhibiting programmes, highlighting overall excellence or specific achievements. A new Sustainability Prize has been added this year for Architecture MArch students.

Many of the prizes were generously supported by our partners, including:

• Council for Aluminium in Building
• Max Fordham
• Narinder Sagoo
• Victor Kite Family

The Summer Show was generously supported by:

• Foster + Partners

Medals were also awarded by the exam board for projects of outstanding quality, originality, and verve.

This year's show is the school's largest exhibition to date. The exhibition spanned all seven floors of 22 Gordon Street, and the full online show, which launched simultaneously, is even larger, sharing projects by more than 900 students.

All of this year's projects are available to explore online in our  virtual exhibition space ; select for ‘Awards’ on the Summer Show index to see a complete list of students who received prizes, scholarships and bursaries, medals, first-class honours and distinctions for their work.

Prizewinners

Architecture bsc.

Connor Chiew Weng Sheng Bartlett Medal Year 1 Environmental Agency Prize

Dominic Coles Saffirio Year 1 Speculative Craft Prize

Anika Deb Year 1 Social Systems Prize

Evelyn Jeffery Year 1 Collective Practice Prize

Kenny Lau Year 1 Materials and Making Prize

Christopher Tao Year 1 Technology Futures Prize

Alastair Ang, UG09 Year 2 Awards for Ethics and Agency 

Isabelle Borrow, UG12 Year 2 Victor Kite Design Technology Prize

Maggie Lee, UG10 Year 2 Portfolio Prize

William Li, UG04 Bartlett Medal Year 2 Victor Kite Design Technology Prize

Elliott Woolard, UG13 Year 2 Portfolio Prize

Ariel Alper, UG03 Year 3 Portfolio Prize

Grace Boyten-Heyes, UG03 Public Engagement Nomination

Ilia Cleanthous, UG13 Activism Winner

Sean Fan, UG13 Year 3 Environmental Design Prize

Harshal Gulabchandre, UG02 Spatial Equity Nomination

Aryan Kaul, UG06 Retrofit Nomination

Allyah Mitra Nandy, UG14 Year 3 Environmental Design Prize Narinder Sagoo Drawing Prize Nomination

Hannah Simon, UG01 Trevor Sprott History & Theory Prize Nomination

Pasathorn Srichaiyongphanich, UG21 Year 3 Portfolio Prize

Yaowen Zhang, UG09 AJ Student Prize Nomination

Peiyan Zou, UG06 Bartlett Medal Donaldson Medal Fitzroy Robinson Drawing Prize

  Architectural & Interdisciplinary Studies BSc

Saskia Diplock Year 1 Architectural Research Prize

Kyiga Wilberforce Bartlett Medal Year 1 Architectural Research Prize

Zeynep Okur Year 2 Architectural Research Prize

Xuanjing Wang Year 2 Design and Creative Practice Prize

Freya Leonard Year 3 Design and Creative Practice Prize Spatial Equity Nomination Trevor Sprott History and Theory Prize Winner

Harang Seo Activism Nomination

Marius Sidaravicius Activism Nomination

Mahika Gautam Year 3 Architecture Research Prize Spatial Equity Nomination

Engineering & Architectural Design MEng

Nadim Bin Nazri, Studio 2 Year 2 Portfolio Prize

Hana Molokhia, Studio 3 Bartlett Medal Year 2 Portfolio Prize

Istvan Herczeg, Unit 1 Bartlett Medal Year 3 Portfolio Prize

Erhang Wang, Unit 2 Year 3 Sustainability Prize

Leonie Bredenbals, Unit 7 Year 4 Sustainability Prize

Tiger Campbell-Yates, Unit 5 Public Engagement Nomination 

Orlando George-Ibitoye, Unit 2 Year 4 Council for Aluminium in Buildings Individual Tectonics Prize

Aleksandra Lemieszka, Unit 4 Year 4 Portfolio Prize

Clara Obeid, Unit 1 Retrofit Winner

Constantina Shiacola, Unit 6 Bartlett Medal Activism Nomination

Mat Vogeler Balcazar, Unit 3 Spatial Equity Nomination Trevor Sprott History and Theory Prize Nomination

Architecture MArch 

Monica Burman, PG25 Design Realisation Prize

Xintong Chen, PG11 History & Theory Prize

Daniel Collier, PG24 Year 4 Architectural Design Prize

Eleanor Crunden, PG23 History & Theory Prize Year 4 Sustainable Design Prize

Panagiota Grivea, PG17 Design Realisation Prize

William Hodges, PG11 Bartlett Medal  Year 4 Architectural Design Prize Design Realisation Prize

Sarah Kay, PG17 Year 4 Sustainable Design Prize

Jason Lai, PG24 Year 4 Architectural Design Prize

Jordan Panayi, PG12 History & Theory Prize Design Realisation Prize

Anna Pang, PG12 Design Realisation Prize Year 4 Architectural Design Prize Narinder Sagoo Drawing Prize runner-up

Matthew Choy, PG20 Year 5 Architectural Design Prize

Beatrice Frant, PG24 Fitzroy Robinson Drawing Prize

James Hepper, PG12 Bartlett Medal Sir Banister Fletcher Prize and Medal​

Jeff Qu Liu, PG17 The Max Fordham Environmental Design Prize

Heba Mohsen, PG12 Year 5 Architectural Design Prize

Jennifer Oguguo, PG11 Year 5 Architectural Design Prize

Maddie Rutherford-Browne, PG11 Year 5 Sustainable Design Prize

Mārtiņš Starks, PG24 Year 5 Architectural Design Prize

Josef Stoeger, PG15 Sir Andrew Taylor Prize​

Reem Taha Hajj Ahmad, PG22 Year 5 Architectural Design Prize Spatial Equity Prize Winner

Architecture MSci

Hannah Bryce Year 1 Technology Prize

Noah Spain Year 1 Personal Skills Prize

James Wilson Year 1 History and Theory Prize

Landuoduo Wu Year 1 Portfolio Prize

Jianhao Chen, Studio 2A Year 2 Portfolio Prize

Eunice Dingcong, Studio 2A Bartlett Medal

Nadia Kwiecinska, Studio 2B Year 2 History and Theory Prize

Lia Penela Failde, Studio 2C Year 2 Professional Practice Prize

Ethan Starkey, Studio 2A Year 2 Portfolio Prize

Jihoon Baek, Studio 3A    Year 3 Portfolio Prize Narinder Sagoo Drawing Prize

Anda Guinea, Studio 3B Year 3 Architecture Research Prize RIBA Bronze Medal Nomination

Charlie Hayles, Studio 3B Year 3 History and Theory Prize

Nikki Ifeobu-Zubis, Studio 3C Trevor Sprott History and Theory Nomination

Laura Lui, Studio 3C Spatial Equity Nomination

Matan Michaels, Studio 3A Public Engagement Winner

Jasmine Shek, Studio 3C Year 3 Portfolio Prize

Forrest Xie, Studio 3A Bartlett Medal Activism Nomination RIBA Bronze Medal Nomination

Enrique Zhang Zhuo, Studio 3C Year 3 Sustainability Prize Retrofit Nomination

Xan Goetzee-Barral, Studio 4A Year 4 History and Theory Prize

Toby Prest, Studio 4A Year 4 Portfolio Prize

More information

• Explore The Bartlett Summer Show 2024

Lead image:  'Terra-Scape' by Pasathorn Srichaiyongphanich, Architecture BSc, UG21, Y3

• 'The Macedonian Faculty of Folklore' by Allyah Mitra Nandy, Architecture BSc, UG14 ,Year 3
• '(De)coding the Stitch' by Freya Harriet Leonard, Architectural & Interdisciplinary Studies BSc, Year 3
• 'Uniq-ly Giftd' by Istvan Herczeg, Engineering & Architectural Design MEng, Unit 1, Year 3
• 'Urban Banquets of Care' by Reem Taha Hajj Ahmad, Architecture MArch, PG22, Year 5
• 'Site Calculus & Its Parametric Paraphernalia' by Anda Guinea, Architecture MSci, Unit 3B, Year 3

Related News

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Customer Case Study: preezie’s AI Journey with Microsoft Semantic Kernel

Sophia Lagerkrans-Pandey

July 3rd, 2024 0 1

Today we’re thrilled to feature the preezie team on the Semantic Kernel blog. The preezie team will discuss their AI journey, how they’ve integrated the Semantic Kernel SDK to build out their AI solutions and advice they’d give to other customers getting started on their AI journeys. We’ve broken each question for the preezie team into short interview clips below. Let’s dive into the questions we have for the preezie team!

1.) Can you introduce yourself and your role?

The below video series will feature the following individuals:

• Michael Tutek, Founder and CEO, preezie
• Danny Wang, Head of Technology, preezie
• Brandon McLean, Development Lead, preezie
• Danilo Santos da Silva, Senior Software Developer, preezie
• Vic Perdana, ISV AppDev Architect, Microsoft

2.) What has your AI journey been like in general?

preezie’s journey into AI started through a collaboration opportunity with Microsoft. Michael Tutek, highlighted that their engagement began when preezie was invited to the Retail Research Hub in Sydney, where they were captivated by AI and technological advancements being integrated into retail. This encounter spurred Prezi to adopt elements of Generative AI technology, supported by Microsoft’s robust technical and commercial resources. The partnership has advanced as Prezi’s Head of Technology, Danny Wang, spearheaded their exploration into AI about a year ago, when they visited the Microsoft Retail Research Center. Danny also noted how fast AI has evolved in the past year. preezie’s involvement with AI continued by attending Microsoft Build Australia, where they learned more about Copilot and its possibilities.

https://learn.microsoft.com/video/media/bdfde117-7e6c-4a72-8edd-3f6ad3aab3e3/Prezzie%201b%20Your%20AI%20Journey_17199_1920x1080_AACAudio_6775.mp4

3.) What’s the current AI project you’re working on at preezie where you’re using Semantic Kernel?

preezie’s vision for AI is to create a next generation shopping assistant while utilizing Microsoft. They are building out a shopping assistant that aims to bridge the gap between in-store and online shopping by recommending products, answering customer questions, providing advice and providing sizing recommendations to enhance online shopping and provide an experience traditionally found in physical stores.

https://learn.microsoft.com/video/media/5dbe49f3-9193-4e62-b047-fc7e863f9b48/Prezzie%202%20-%20what%20are%20you%20buildin_1920x1080_AACAudio_6793.mp4

4.) How has Semantic Kernel helped you with this project and what has implementation looked like?

Danny Wang highlighted that Semantic Kernel has been instrumental and helped preezie keep up with all of the new AI models and practices. Semantic Kernel ensures that their project remains up to date with the latest advancements in AI technology. They’ve also found tremendous value from the development community and getting responds promptly to queries posted on platforms like GitHub, providing valuable feedback and enhancing their development process. Danilo Santos da Silva highlighted how Semantic Kernel has simplified the development process and allowed the team to write minimal code to obtain results. Semantic Kernel has simplified the complexity of connecting to AI Models, plugins and agents.

https://learn.microsoft.com/video/media/75132bb8-d778-4613-abf5-0c2ca4b33df1/Prezzie%20Ai%203b%20AI%20with%20Semantic%20K_1920x1080_AACAudio_6793.mp4

5.) Were there any major challenges or obstacles you faced during the integration? How did you overcome them?

The preezie team highlighted the complexity of AI and how fast it’s changed as they’ve looked to implement it within their organization. Danny Wang highlighted the lack of knowledge in the beginning and how the team’s assumptions about AI didn’t align with the application of it as this was a solution the team had never worked on before. The constant evolution of models being released made it difficult to keep up. The team faces the daunting task of adapting their processes and codebases to stay current. This necessitates a flexible approach where previous solutions might become obsolete or need substantial modification. Danilo Santos da Silva highlighted timeboxing his experimental time to download new project and see if he could get it working to implement in their project. Brandon McLean highlighted how Semantic Kernel was the solution to the knowledge gap as it provided a framework to drop in and only provide a few inputs to get responses back and prompts working and was great to dive into.

https://learn.microsoft.com/video/media/7409afcb-8f76-430d-8b05-7237835daff5/Prezzie%203a_1720017360247_1920x1080_AACAudio_6819.mp4

6.) What’s your advice to other businesses embarking on their AI journey based on your learnings?

Brandon McLean highlights staying on top of AI learnings as it’s a hot topic, with Microsoft offering excellent tutorials and examples that facilitate getting started. Danilo Santos da Silva highlighted how he was skeptical at first but quickly realized AI’s capability to handle complexity and deliver results efficiently was limited compared to often traditional programming methods. Vic Perdana recommended to start small with experimenting and understand use cases of AI that are applicable to you and then you can implement it for your business.

https://learn.microsoft.com/video/media/9017dbab-7d66-4232-82ee-67c2fde06c9e/Prezzie%204_1720027926010_1920x1080_AACAudio_6788.mp4

For more information about preezie, visit the following links below:

• Website: https://preezie.com/
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/preezie/
• Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/preezieAU/
• IG: https://www.instagram.com/preezieofficial/
• X: https://twitter.com/PreezieOfficial
• YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@preezie

From the Semantic Kernel team, we want to thank the entire preezie team for their time. We’re always interested in hearing from you. If you have feedback, questions or want to discuss further, feel free to reach out to us and the community on the Semantic Kernel GitHub Discussion Channel ! We would also love your support, if you’ve enjoyed using Semantic Kernel, give us a star on  GitHub .

Thanks again to the preezie team for their amazing work and partnership!

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• Case Study Houses

Case Study Houses: The Latest Architecture and News

Foster + partners reimagines william pereora's television city in california, united states.

Foster + Partners, l ed by Normal Foster, has just been selected to reimagine the Television City studio complex in Los Angeles, following a global competition. The project involves the restoration of William Pereira’s iconic 1952 buildings and the transformation of the 25-acre site into a low-rise multi-modal campus and draws inspiration from the Los Angeles’ renowned Case Study Houses. The campus will feature new sound stages, production offices, creative workspace, and retail surrounding its perimeter.

• Read more »

Defining Afro-Contemporary Homes: The Role of Case Study Houses

The home is a fundamental expression of architectural movements within the fabric of a city. As one of the smallest typologies, it is the simplest canvas to exhibit the design ethos of any particular era. African cities have continuously negotiated the meaning of their residential dwellings, from traditional architecture to colonial architecture, and the influx of post-colonial modern architecture. Vernacular architecture explored homes with spatial patterns rooted in cultural dexterity, envelopes built with indigenous materials and forms, endowed with traditional motifs. These were in stark contrast to colonial homes that featured a range of imported architectural styles across the continent, neglecting their climatic and cultural contexts while amplifying social class.

How Did Materials Shape the Case Study Houses?

The Case Study Houses (1945-1966), sponsored by the Arts & Architecture Magazine and immortalized by Julius Shulman ’s iconic black-and-white photographs, may be some of the most famous examples of modern American architecture in history. Designed to address the postwar housing crisis with quick construction and inexpensive materials, while simultaneously embracing the tenets of modernist design and advanced contemporary technology, the Case Study Houses were molded by their central focus on materials and structural design. While each of the homes were designed by different architects for a range of clients, these shared aims unified the many case study homes around several core aesthetic and structural strategies: open plans, simple volumes, panoramic windows, steel frames, and more. Although some of the Case Study Houses’ materials and strategies would become outdated in the following decades, these unique products and features would come to define a historic era of architectural design in the United States.

Modern, Low-Budget and Easy to Build Living Spaces: the Case Study House Program

Between 1945 and 1966, the Case Study Houses program , following the Weißenhof-siedlung exposition, commissioned a study of economic, easy-to-build houses. The study included the creation of 36 prototypes that were to be built leading up to post-war residential development. The initiative by John Entenza, editor of Arts & Architecture magazine, brought a team to Los Angeles that featured some of the biggest names in architecture at the time, including Richard Neutra , Charles & Ray Eames, Pierre Koenig, and Eero Saarinen , among others.

The program's experiment not only defined the modern home and set it apart from its predecessors, but it also pioneered new construction materials and methods in residential development that continue to influence international architecture to this day. Take a detailed look at some of the program's most emblematic work together with recommendations for facing contemporary challenges. 

When Minimalism Gets Extravagant: A Virtual Look at the Case Study House 17(2)

Arts & Architecture ’s Case Study House program was supposed to be about creating replicable, affordable designs for post-war living—stylish but modest homes for young families on a budget. And then came house #17(2).

To be fair, this house was designed for real clients, with specific and ambitious requirements. The Hoffmans had four children, a household staff, and an art collection. So this was never going to be just another suburban three-bedroom.

A Virtual Look Into J R Davidson's Case Study House #11

The editorial notes on Arts & Architecture ’s 11th Case Study House set out the “basic principles of modern architecture”: an emphasis on “order, fitness and simplicity.” Livability and practicality are key, and “sham” is frowned on. As with other houses in the series, this design by JR Davidson adheres to these goals with clean, horizontal lines, an open floor plan, and integration of the outdoor space.

It’s a modest, compact home, less high-concept than some of the other houses in the programme—no indoor plantings or reflecting pools; no complicated backstory for the imagined clients (think of the next two, #12 and especially #13 )—but arguably more successful in providing a model for the average American home. Its value doesn’t depend on dramatic landscaping or views, but on thoughtful design and attention to solving everyday problems. Walking through Archilogic ’s 3D model reveals the elegance of Davidson’s approach.

A Virtual Look Inside Case Study House #10 by Kemper Nomland & Kemper Nomland Jr

The tenth Case Study House wasn’t actually intended for the Arts & Architecture programme. It was added on its completion in 1947, to fill out the roster, as many houses remained unbuilt. Clearly, the Nomland design earned its place on the list, having many features in common with other Case Study homes and, most importantly, meeting the stated aims of economy, simplicity, new materials and techniques, and indoor/outdoor integration. The different departure point, however, can be seen in the layout. Whereas Case Study homes were designed primarily for families, this plan is for “a family of adults”—which is to say, a childless couple.

The World's First Freeform 3D-Printed House Enters Development Phase

WATG Urban's first prize design for The Freeform Home Design Challenge in 2016 is now moving one step closer to becoming a reality. Since winning the competition, WATG 's Chicago office has been developing the winning design, dubbed Curve Appeal, alongside Branch Technology . Curve Appeal is now undergoing the "wall section testing, research and development phase" with an anticipated goal of breaking ground later this year. This revolutionary project could change the way we construct complex, freeform structures.

A Virtual Look Inside Case Study House #7 by Thornton M Abell

The seventh house in the Arts & Architecture Case Study program was built with real clients in mind: a family of three with creative hobbies. The result, designed by Thornton M Abell , is a flexible home with a distinctive functional character.

The house divides neatly into three separate areas: to the left of the entrance, working spaces make up nearly half of the full floorplan, with living and sleeping areas off to the right and extending forward into the garden. Sliding panels between the roomy central reception/dining area and the cozy living room create the option of privacy or extra space, as required, with the terrace and splash pool beyond offering further possibilities for summer entertaining. A small planting area beside the sliding door blurs the line between indoors and out.

A Virtual Look Inside Case Study House #4, Ralph Rapson’s "Greenbelt House"

The fourth house in Arts & Architecture ’s Case Study program departed from the trend with a noticeably more introverted design. Intended for a modestly sized urban lot, rather than the dramatic and expansive canyon or forest locations of so many other Case Study homes, it couldn’t borrow drama from the landscape, nor would the residents welcome curious glances from their close neighbors—so the house looks entirely inward.

Rapson called his design the “Greenbelt House” for the glass-covered atrium that divides the living and sleeping areas. In his original drawings and model, as in Archilogic ’s 3D model shown here, this strip is shown filled with plant beds in a striking geometric pattern. However, Rapson imagined that it could be put to many uses, according to the residents’ tastes: a croquet court or even a swimming pool could find their place here. This “brings the outdoors indoors” rather more literally than, for instance, Richard Neutra ’s expansive, open-door designs.

A Virtual Look Inside the Case Study House #23A by Killingsworth, Brady & Smith

Only three of the Arts & Architecture Case Study Houses were built outside Los Angeles , and those three formed a united concept. The Triad Houses in La Jolla, a seaside suburb of San Diego , share a single driveway, motor court, and design vocabulary, while being created to meet different needs.

In keeping with the Case Study mission, all three houses used open-plan design, affordable modern materials (such as aluminium and concrete with wood frames), and plenty of glass to create a fresh and open mood. The emphasis was on strong geometric forms, careful detailing, horizontal lines (with perfectly flat roofs) and – this being the Californian coastline – dramatic views and outdoor living space, creating the illusion of more interior space than was actually present.

AD Classics: The Entenza House (Case Study #9) / Charles & Ray Eames, Eero Saarinen & Associates

Nestled in the verdant seaside hills of the Pacific Palisades in southern California, the Entenza House is the ninth of the famous Case Study Houses built between 1945 and 1962. With a vast, open-plan living room that connects to the backyard through floor-to-ceiling glass sliding doors, the house brings its natural surroundings into a metal Modernist box, allowing the two to coexist as one harmonious space.

Like its peers in the Case Study Program, the house was designed not only to serve as a comfortable and functional residence, but to showcase how modular steel construction could be used to create low-cost housing for a society still recovering from the the Second World War. The man responsible for initiating the program was John Entenza , Editor of the magazine Arts and Architecture. The result was a series of minimalist homes that employed steel frames and open plans to reflect the more casual and independent way of life that had arisen in the automotive age.[1]

A Virtual Look Inside the Case Study House #3 by William W Wurster & Theodore Bernardi

The third Arts & Architecture Case Study House has a noticeably different sensibility to that of many of the other designs in the series. While equally engaged with the goal of maximizing enjoyment of the natural surroundings, in this design the architects show more concern for privacy and protection.

The approach from the street is somewhat forbidding; aluminum siding presents an impenetrable front. Besides the front and garage doors, the small, high kitchen windows are the only visible openings, though it is possible to peer over the fence of grape stakes into the children’s private garden.

A Virtual Look Inside the Case Study House #2 by Sumner Spaulding and John Rex

The second house in Arts & Architecture magazine’s Case Study Houses program shows the hallmarks of the series: an emphasis on light-soaked living areas, indoor-outdoor living, strong horizontal lines dominated by a flat roof, and so on. It is distinguished, though, by particularly creative details linking the indoor and outdoor areas, and by a strong awareness of function.

A Virtual Look Into Richard Neutra's Case Study House #20, the Bailey House

The Bailey house—one of Richard Neutra ’s four Case Study designs for Arts & Architecture —forms one of five Bluff houses, standing high above the ocean. The brief was to create a low-budget home for a young family, with just two bedrooms, but offering the possibility of expansion as time went by (which did in fact transpire; additional Neutra-designed wings were later built).

Neutra employed the same indoor-outdoor philosophy that can be seen at work in his unbuilt Alpha and Omega houses, using large sliding glass doors to create light and a visual sense of space, as well as ensuring that the house physically opened up to, as he put it, “borrow space from the outdoors.” With this sunny Californian ocean-view setting, it made perfect sense to use the back garden and terrace as living and dining room.

A Virtual Look Inside the Case study house #12 by Whitney R Smith

In designing his (unbuilt) house for the Arts & Architecture Case Study program , Whitney Smith, like Richard Neutra , prioritized the connection to outdoor space. His motivation, however, was more specific than a desire to extend the living area of a small house. Rather, he wanted to create a highly personal space, geared to the passion of his hypothetical client. Seeing conventional plans as a straitjacket for residents who craved appropriate working space within their home (be it a sewing studio or a photography darkroom), he aspired to fit this house to the needs of a keen horticulturist.

A Virtual Look Into Richard Neutra's Unbuilt Case Study House #13, The Alpha House

Of the four homes designed by Richard Neutra for the Case Study Houses program, post-war thought experiments commissioned by Arts & Architecture , only one was ever realized. In the imaginary village of the program's many unbuilt homes, next to #6, the Omega house , stands #13, named Alpha. Archilogic ’s 3D model gives us a unique chance to experience this innovative concept home.

Each of Neutra’s projects was designed for a family of five, and each reveals his psychoanalytic approach to architecture, in which the house itself is an intimate part of family relationships, as important as the personalities involved. (Neutra was personally acquainted with Freud, and a committed follower of birth trauma theorist Otto Rank.) Underlining this Freudian view, his imaginary clients are not just neighbours—they are related; Mrs Alpha being sister to Mrs Omega.

A Virtual Look Into Mies van der Rohe's Core House

Architecture depends on its time. It is the crystallization of its inner structure, the slow unfolding of its form. – Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

In 1951, Mies van der Rohe designed the Core House, a participative design structure which could be completed by its inhabitants.

This flexible model challenged certain architectural concepts, explored new industrial technologies, and proposed a modular system to improve the quality and affordability of housing.

LeafUp - Brand Guidelines

Previously, we unveiled LeafUp's visual identity designs, and now we're excited to introduce you to LeafUp's brand guidelines.

In case you're not familiar with LeafUp, here's a quick recap: LeafUp serves as a vibrant hub for individuals and organizations dedicated to conserving forests and the environment. It provides a platform for launching campaigns and fundraising initiatives.

In this shot, you'll get a sneak peek into LeafUp's brand guidelines. Don't forget to check out LeafUp's visual identity designs from our previous reveal. Stay tuned for more upcoming designs from LeafUp, including illustrations, website layouts, and animations. See more LeafUp design results below:

Behance - Full Case Study

LeafUp - Visual Identity Design

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Case studies of projects designed using AI-generated solutions

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant inroads into revolutionizing the construction and design industry by rapidly optimizing designs, predicting project risks, streamlining project management, and enhancing supply chain efficiency. It monitors construction quality, improves worker safety, and optimizes energy use. In architecture, AI personalizes designs, while in sustainability, it simulates environmental impacts for eco-friendly choices. AI’s data processing and automation empower professionals to make informed decisions, driving efficiency, cost-effectiveness, safety, and sustainability in the industry.

Here are noteworthy building projects that have utilized AI in various ways:

Autodesk’s Generative Design for AEC Projects

Autodesk’s Generative Design for AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) Projects is a cutting-edge software that transforms the design process. Using AI and algorithms, it rapidly generates multiple design options based on user-defined parameters, such as materials and budget. This innovation allows architects and engineers to explore a multitude of design possibilities, optimizing structures for factors like strength, sustainability, and aesthetics. It fosters collaboration by presenting data-backed design alternatives, streamlining decision-making, and ultimately revolutionizing how buildings are designed, making them more efficient and sustainable.

The Shanghai Tower

Image 3 _©https://smart-cities.wsp.com/projects/shanghai-west-bund-ai-tower-a-digital-strategy-for-intuitive-connection/

The Shanghai Tower, completed in 2015, stands as an architectural marvel and a prime example of how AI can significantly influence the design and construction of skyscrapers. Its innovative design process incorporated AI in several key aspects:

• Energy Efficiency : AI algorithms were employed to optimize the tower’s energy efficiency . It used weather data and building occupancy patterns to adjust heating, cooling, and lighting in real time. This reduced energy consumption and operating costs.
• Wind Resistance : Due to its height and location, wind resistance was a critical factor. AI simulations were used to analyze wind patterns and create a unique, twisting form that reduced wind loads, ensuring structural stability.
• Material Selection : AI helped in selecting materials based on their environmental impact and structural properties. This decision-making process led to the use of sustainable and strong materials, aligning with the tower’s green design principles.
• Construction Management : AI-based project management tools were used to schedule construction activities, allocate resources efficiently, and monitor progress. This minimized delays and budget overruns.
• Safety : AI-powered sensors and cameras monitor safety conditions in real-time, ensuring worker safety and allowing for immediate responses to potential hazards.
• Customization : AI was used in tailoring the tower’s interior spaces to tenants’ preferences, enhancing the overall user experience.

The Shanghai Tower’s integration of AI in design, construction, and operation showcases how technology can create an iconic skyscraper that’s energy-efficient, structurally sound, and responsive to occupants’ needs. It sets a remarkable precedent for the future of sustainable and innovative architectural endeavors.

Project HALO (High-rise Automation, Labor-Saving, and Optimization)

Image 4 _©https://www.conexuscommunity.com/blog/

Project HALO, short for High-rise Automation, Labor-Saving, and Optimization, is a pioneering initiative by Skanska that leverages AI-powered construction robotics. These advanced robots are designed to perform labor-intensive tasks such as bricklaying and concrete pouring with precision and speed. By automating these processes, HALO significantly boosts construction efficiency, reducing project timelines and costs. Moreover, it enhances worker safety by taking on physically demanding tasks and reducing the risk of on-site accidents. Project HALO exemplifies the transformative potential of AI in the construction industry, making it a trailblazing endeavor in the pursuit of more efficient and safer high-rise construction.

AI-designed 3D-printed House in France

Image 5 _© https://www.wired.co.uk/article/tecla-3d-printed-house

In France, the innovative startup XtreeE harnessed AI algorithms to craft a remarkable 3D-printed house. AI played a pivotal role in shaping a design that seamlessly blends aesthetics with structural strength. This project exemplifies AI’s potential to revolutionize customized and sustainable housing solutions. By optimizing the design process, AI not only ensured a visually stunning home but also improved its structural integrity. XtreeE’s AI-designed 3D-printed house represents a groundbreaking step towards the future of architecture and construction, where technology and creativity converge to redefine how we approach housing needs, emphasizing both individuality and sustainability.

The Edge, Amsterdam 

Image 6 _©https://www.archilovers.com/projects/182254/the-edge.html

The Edge, located in Amsterdam, stands as a pioneering exemplar of sustainable architecture and smart building management. Widely hailed as the world’s most sustainable office building, it is a testament to the innovative use of AI in construction.

AI is at the core of The Edge’s sustainability. The building employs an array of sensors and data analytics tools to optimize energy consumption. For instance, it uses natural light sensors to adjust the brightness of LED lighting, ensuring energy is used only when necessary. 

Furthermore, the building’s climate control system adapts based on occupancy and external weather conditions, ensuring a comfortable and efficient working environment while minimizing energy waste.

Space utilization is another area where AI shines at The Edge. The building employs a smart desk-booking system that allows employees to reserve workspaces as needed, promoting flexible work arrangements and efficient use of space.

The Edge demonstrates how AI-driven data analysis and automation can create sustainable, comfortable, and highly efficient workplaces, setting a remarkable precedent for future office buildings worldwide.

In conclusion, AI is transforming the construction industry by enhancing design, project management, safety, and sustainability.As AI continues to evolve, we can expect even more innovation and efficiency in the construction of buildings and infrastructure.

Lita LūseI’ve always had an interest in design and all things beauty. I get inspired by innovative products (2023) Is ai bound to change how we design and create? , DesignWanted . Available at: https://designwanted.com/ai-generated-art-design-architecture/.

Saudatu Bah |24 July 2023 Leave a comment (2023) Seven AI-designed architecture projects from Dezeen’s Pinterest , Dezeen . Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2023/07/24/ai-architecture-projects-dezeen-pinterest/

Architechtures (2023) AI-Powered Building Design , Architechtures . Available at: https://architechtures.com/en/. 

This is Apurva! a student pursuing her passion and skills in the field of design and architecture living in the United Arab Emirates.With the enthusiasm of learning and to contribute her part to building projects and the love for nature and architecture, she truly believes that as architects it is our duty to make a difference and build right because at the end , Whatever good things we build, end up building us.

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